1. Unit 15 lesson 4

2. How do you get knowledge and understanding? reading observing thinking Asking questions

3. While reading What else does the writer advise us to do to understand things according to Para.1? He advises us to understand things by ____________________________________ observing _________________; studying__________________; considering________________ ; testing____________________. the world around you the facts possible answers each to find the ones asking questions/putting forward questions

4. Para. 1 How we acquire knowledge and understanding. Para. 2 Some great men in history using this type of thinking were not supported, even punished. Para. 3 people didn’t want to challenge what they’d always thought was true. Para. 4 Our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing. Para. 5 We need to thank the great men of the past for wisdom. Subject ( 论题 ) Argument sentences ( 论点 ) Concluding sentences ( 论证 ) Fast reading– try to get the main idea of each paragraph.

5. Main ideaDetails Para 1 Para 2 A type of analysis to _____________ ______________. Questions—_______and study the facts—_____possible answers and find the right ones. observe test Some great men in history using this type of thinking were not supported, even _______. 1.Bacon suggested this way to gain knowledge, which__________the views of the day. 2. Galilei proved that ___________, which was against the view of Aristotle. And he received punishment without anyone___________him. defending acquire knowledge and understanding punished went against the Earth is …

6. Main ideaDetails Para 3 Para 4 Para 5 Why people don’t approve of this type of thinking. They didn’t want to __________ what they had always thought was true. Our understanding is constantly _____________. Everyone may ______ and none of us can say “We know it all”. They were brave enough to step out from __________ _____________to find the kingdom of knowledge. We should thank great men for the wisdom. challenge growing and changing make mistakes conventional thought

7. Para. 2 evidence What did they do?How did people treat them? Bacon Galileo Galilei held an important rank under… but true interest was the worthy search for knowledge This was not the interest of most people in his day proved scientific ideas such as… 1....Punished by church with no one… 2. Tended to ignore… 3. Preferred to make assumptions about … 4. Chose to believe… Supporting sentences ( 论据 )

8. Para. 3 They didn’t want to challenge what they’d always thought was true. evidence What did they do?How did people react to them? Aristotle Galileo Galilei He said that the earth must be the centre of the universe, because… Believe these ancient views as they had been put forward by the great philosopher. Disagreed … Proved Aristotle wrong At first,..approved of … and urged him to … Later,… grew angry and put him in prison.

9. Para. 4 Our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing. evidence What were right about them? the mistakes they made Aristotle Galileo Galilei A great man who inspired … after him. wrong at times is known as the father of astronomy Believed that the earth moved round the sun in a perfect circle

10. Nowadays, it seems obvious how we acquire knowledge and understanding. _______________, you need questions. _______, to find answers, you observe the world around you and study the facts. _____________ you consider possible answers and test each to find the right one. ________, in the 17th century, the church and many people tended to ignore the facts and were unwilling to challenge what they had always comfortably believed. ________ people feel that if someone important and respected says that something is right, then it must be so. __________ great men are wrong at times. ___________ our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing. ______________, we learn more every day and none of us can ever sit back and say, “We know it all.” To start with, Then, Besides, However, After that, ButTherefore In other words

11. __________________, knowledge and understanding are more vital to a man, and more beneficial to mankind than all the money in the world. In a word

12. Ex4. What do these words in italics refer to? this type of analysis he was going against the views what they had always believed coming to their defense they grew angry they put him in prison then it must be so He is now known as these men knew To start with,..question.then,.observe and study. After that,consider-test-find Francis Bacon Church/many people People like Galileo people Galileo what someone important and respected says Galileo People like Bacon and Galileo

13. Ex 6 Vocabulary: Words about learning 1)to look at closely 2) to get observe acquire 3) to go against popular views 4) to encourage learning 5) to find the answer to a problem 6) to think about something from all sides 7) to see if an answer is right 8) to find something for the first time challenge inspire solve consider test discover

14. Ex7 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words below. 1. Ben ______to lie whenever he feels he might get into …. tends 2. You might find it ____to STUDY before your next exam! 3.I don’t __________of the man she is marrying. He’s not ________of her. 4. He _____ me to give up smoking. He said it was _________for my health. vital approve worthy urged beneficial 6. David ruled his _________ for 400 years, from 1000 _____. kingdom BC 7. I’m ________ to make any __________ about my new…. unwilling assumption 8. In the war,men of all different _____ helped in the ________ of the city. ranks defence 5. I work... so I am__________ to doing..._____________ work. accustomed bureaucratic

15. Language points

16. 1. It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding. 句型： it seems/ is obvious that … 他从哪来的这很明显。 _______________________ he comes from. 很明显他是怎么完成作业的。 ____________________ he finished his assignment. 很明显他缺乏自信。 _________________ he lacks confidence in himself. It is obvious where It seems obvious how It is obvious that

17. 2. It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these ancient views as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle. 句型： it is surprising that … 真想不到你们未见过面 It's surprising that you haven't met each other before. 令人吃惊的是他居然擅长这样对我来说一门充满奇怪字眼的学科。 It is surprising that he is good at such a subject full of strange words to me.

18. 3. acquire. gain sth by one’s own ability, effort or behavior 得到，获得 acquire knowledge /information/ a language/ a skill acquisition n. 获得，习得 ( 不可数 ) ； 获得之物或人（可数） 语言只有在使用中才能学会。 A language can be acquired only by the act of using it. 我设法弄到了两张音乐会的票。 I ___________________two tickets for the concert. managed to acquire

19. 4 ． to start with=to begin with in the first place 第一； 一来我们的钱不够， 二来我们没时间。 To start with, we hadn’t enough money and secondly, we’re too busy.

20. 5. be/get accustomed to (doing) sth. = be used to doing… 习惯于 To 为介词的动词短语, 后用 v—ing: pay attention to protecting the environment look forward to hearing from her devote / commit oneself to helping the disabled get down to carrying out the plan 开始做 stick to his beliefs 坚持 be admitted to the key university turn to the tutor for advice

21. 6. go against sb./sth. 不利于某人 ; 反对, 抵抗, 违背某事 The war __________________________ us. Don’t_________________________________. 7. tend to do sth. 易于做某事，趋向于 … tendency n. Women _____________________ than men. People _____________________ as they get older. It ________________ the Marxist principles. tend to live longer seems to be going against go against your parents’ expectations goes against tend to need less sleep

22. 8. …base sth. on sth. =sth. be based on sth. 以 …… 为根据、依据 这部小说是以历史事实为依据的。 The novel __________________________. 她把希望寄托在她儿子的成功之上。 She ___________________ her son’s success. = Her hope ___________________ her son’s success. based her hope on was based on is based on historical facts

23. 9. approve of sb/sth I ______________________________ some money. But please don’t neglect your studies. 赞成；认可；满意；同意 我同意你去挣一些钱，可是请不要疏忽了功课。 I entirely approve of that theory. 我完全赞成那种理论。 approve of your trying to earn

24. 1.) Her family urged him to marry the film star. 2.) When the children got tired, their mother urged them on with encouraging words. 3.) His friends urged that he should apply for the job. 4. )I feel the urge to be outside when spring comes again. 10. urge 力劝， 强烈要求 urge sb. (not)to do sth. 力劝某人（不要）做某事 urge sb. on 鼓励、激励某人；为某人加油 urge that sb. (should) do sth. 竭力主张，力劝 有做某事的冲动 / 欲望 have / feel the / an urge to do sth.

25. 11. inspire 唤起，激起，赋予 … 灵感 His speech inspired us to try again. His best music was inspired by the memory of his mother. His inspiring words inspired confidence in me. Her words inspired me with courage. inspire sb. to do sth. 鼓舞某人做某事 inspire sth. in sb. 在某人身上激发某 …. 情感 用 …. 激发某人 inspire sb. with sth.

26. 12. vital adj. 极重要的，必不可少的 The police play a vital role in our society. 警察在我们的社会起着极其重要的作用。 返回 a vital wound 致命伤 be vital to / for sth. 生死攸关的问题 a vital question 对 … 极重要的，必不可少的 = deadly/fatal =The police are vital to our society.