2. State Experiences with Groundwater Management Ronald Kaiser, Texas A&M University

3. Limited water supplies Increasing population growth Increasing urbanization Conflict and Change Drivers Protecting environmental amenities Drought Water shortages Urban sprawl Groundwater supporting agriculture

4. Groundwater Issues

5. Water exportation—rural to urban Over-pumping leading to Well interference Mining of aquifers Sustainable levels for aquifers Ubiquitous Groundwater Issues Future of irrigated agriculture

6. Ubiquitous Groundwater Issues Thirsty cities – marketing and exporting Adequacy of allocation rules Management approaches State administration State-Local shared management Geopolitical parameters of control Regional Aquifer-wide County

7. Judicial Response Four Allocation Doctrines

8. Groundwater Law Four Doctrines Capture Reasonable use On-site Off-site Permit system Correlative rights (California)

9. Features of Ground Water Allocation Systems RULERIGHT HOLDER AMOUNT WELL INTERFER OFF TRACTTRANSFERMININGCONJCT MGMT Capture LandownerUnlimitedN O LiabilityYES NO Reasonable Use SAMEReasonableYESNOYESNOPossible Reasonable Use-- Tort SAMEReasonableYES NOPossible Correlative Right SAMEProportionalYESNOYESNO Prior AppropSAMEMeasured Amt YES

10. Legislative Response Well Interference/Overpumping/Mining Groundwater Districts State vs. Local Control

11. Groundwater Allocation Rules & Systems for Selected States State Groundwater Rules Groundwater Districts Capture Reasonable Use Correlative Rights Prior Appropriation State Control Local Control ArizonaXX CaliforniaXX ColoradoXX FloridaXXX IdahoXX KansasXXX NebraskaXXX NevadaX N. MexicoXX N. DakotaX MontanaXX OregonXX S. DakotaX TexasXX UtahX WashingtonXX WyomingXX

12. Texas Legislative Response Create groundwater districts Priority groundwater management study areas

13. Groundwater Districts--62 Groundwater Management Districts Formation – General/Special law, PGMA Authority varies Well spacing Waste prevention Research Purchase/sell groundwater Groundwater Export – SB#1&SB#2 Water availability – both areas Effect on aquifer and permit holders Approved regional plan

15. Problems with Texas Districts LIMITED REGULATORY AUTHORITY Well Spacing/Waste Prevention Overdrafting & Mining Pumping Limitations COUNTY & POLITCAL BOUNDARIES SUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS

16. State Management Continues No Easy Answers