1. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Culture SOCIOLOGY

2. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Culture and Society –Culture includes ideas, values, customs, and artifacts of groups of people Culture: totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

3. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Culture and Society –Society members learn culture and transmit from generation to generation –Common culture simplifies many day-to-day interactions –Language a critical element of culture that sets humans apart from other species Society is largest form of human group

4. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Development of Culture Around the World –Societies develop common practices, including: Athletic sports Music Funeral ceremonies Medicine Sexual restrictions Cultural Universals

5. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Development of Culture Around the World –Process of introducing new idea or object to a culture Discovery: making known or sharing existence of an aspect of reality Invention: when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before Innovation

6. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Development of Culture Around the World Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology –Diffusion: process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society

7. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Development of Culture Around the World –Material culture: physical or technological aspects of our daily lives Food items Houses Factories Raw materials

8. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 –Technology: information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires

9. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Customs Beliefs Customs Beliefs Philosophies Customs Beliefs Philosophies Governments Customs Beliefs Philosophies Governments Patterns of communication –Culture Lag: period of maladjustment when nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions Development of Culture Around the World –Nonmaterial Culture: ways of using material objects as well as:

10. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Elements of Culture Use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate Nonverbal communication is learned Nonverbal communication varies by culture. Language –Nonverbal Communication

11. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 There are an estimated 3,000-5,000 different languages on earth today. Chinese is the official language of one fifth of the humanity. English is second (10%) and Spanish third

12. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Internet Communication :-) :-( ;-) :’-( :-o :-P }:( 8-)

13. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Development of Culture Around the World Figure 3-1. Languages of the World Source: J. Allen 2005:330

14. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Elements of Culture Norms –Established standards of behavior maintained by a society To be significant, norms must be widely shared and understood

15. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Elements of Culture Formal norms –Generally written; specify strict punishments –In U.S., often formalized into laws Informal norms –Generally understood but not precisely recorded Mores –Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society Folkways –Norms governing everyday behavior Norms –Types of Norms

16. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Elements of Culture Sanctions Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm` Positive sanctions include pay raises, medals, and words of gratitude Negative sanctions include fines, threats, imprisonment, and stares of contempt

17. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Elements of Culture Table 3-1. Norms and Sanctions

18. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Elements of Culture Values –Collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper—or bad, undesirable, and improper Influence people’s behavior Criteria for evaluating actions of others Values may change

19. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Figure 3-2: Life Goals of First-Year College Students in the United States, 1966-2005 Sources : UCLA Higher Education Research Institute, as reported in Astin et al. 1994; Pryor et al. 2005; Sax et al. 2005.

20. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Culture and the Dominant Ideology Describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help maintain –powerful social, –economic, –and political interests Dominant Ideology

21. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 –Functionalists view culture as stabilizing agent for sociology –Conflict theorists view culture as serving the privileges of powerful groups.

22. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Cultural Variation –Each culture has unique character Subculture: Segment of society that shares distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the larger society Aspects of Cultural Variation

23. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Cultural Variation Hippies Terrorist cells Aspects of Cultural Variation –Counterculture: subculture that conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture

24. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Cultural Variation Aspects of Cultural Variation –Culture shock: Feeling disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture

25. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Cultural Variation –Each culture considers its own ways of handling basic societal tasks to be natural –Ethnocentrism: Tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represent the norm or is superior to all others –Cultural relativism: people’s behaviors from the perspective of their own culture Aspects of Cultural Variation

26. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Cultural Variation Table 3-2. Major Theoretical Perspectives on Culture

27. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Social Policy and Socialization Bilingualism –The Issue Bilingualism refers to use of two or more languages in a particular setting, such as the workplace or schoolroom Program of bilingual education may instruct children in their native language while gradually introducing the language of the host society

28. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28 Social Policy and Socialization Bilingualism –The Setting Languages know no political boundaries Minority languages common in many nations Schools throughout the world deal with incoming students speaking many languages

29. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Social Policy and Socialization Bilingualism –Sociological Insights For a long time, people in the United States demanded conformity to a single language Challenges to this forced obedience to our dominant ideology

30. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Social Policy and Socialization Bilingualism –Policy Initiatives Bilingualism has policy implications in efforts to maintain language purity and programs to enhance bilingual education Nations vary dramatically in tolerance for a variety of languages

31. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31 Social Policy and Socialization Figure 3-3. States with Official English Laws Source: U.S. English 2005