1. Dimensional Modeling Chapter 2

2. The Dimensional Data Model An alternative to the normalized data model Present information as simply as possible (easier to understand) Return queries as quickly as possible (efficient for queries) Track the underlying business processes (process focused)

3. The Dimensional Data Model Contains the same information as the normalized model Has far fewer tables Grouped in coherent business categories Pre-joins hierarchies and lookup tables resulting in fewer join paths and fewer intermediate tables Normalized fact table with denormalized dimension tables.

4. GB Video E-R Diagram Customer #Cust No F Name L Name Ads1 Ads2 City State Zip Tel No CC No Expire Rental #Rental No Date Clerk No Pay Type CC No Expire CC Approval Line #Line No Due Date Return Date OD charge Pay type Requestor of Owner of Video #Video No One-day fee Extra days Weekend Title #Title No Name Vendor No Cost Name for Holder of

5. Customer CustID Cust No F Name L Name Rental RentalID Rental No Clerk No Store Pay Type Line LineID OD Charge OneDayCharge ExtraDaysCharge WeekendCharge DaysReserved DaysOverdue CustID AddressID RentalId VideoID TitleID RentalDateID DueDateID ReturnDateID Video VideoID Video No Title TitleID TitleNo Name Cost Vendor Name Rental Date RentalDateID SQLDate Day Week Quarter Holiday Due Date DueDateID SQLDate Day Week Quarter Holiday Return Date ReturnDateID SQLDate Day Week Quarter Holiday Address AddressID Adddress1 Address2 City State Zip AreaCode Phone GB Video Data Mart

6. Fact Table Measurements associated with a specific business process Grain: level of detail of the table Process events produce fact records Facts (attributes) are usually Numeric Additive Derived facts included Foreign (surrogate) keys refer to dimension tables (entities) Classification values help define subsets

7. Dimension Tables Entities describing the objects of the process Conformed dimensions cross processes Attributes are descriptive Text Numeric Surrogate keys Less volatile than facts (1:m with the fact table) Null entries Date dimensions Produce “by” questions

8. Bus Architecture An architecture that permits aggregating data across multiple marts Conformed dimensions and attributes Drill Down vs. Drill Across Bus matrix

9. Keys and Surrogate Keys A surrogate key is a unique identifier for data warehouse records that replaces source primary keys (business/natural keys) Protect against changes in source systems Allow integration from multiple sources Enable rows that do not exist in source data Track changes over time (e.g. new customer instances when addresses change) Replace text keys with integers for efficiency

10. Slowly Changing Dimensions Attributes in a dimension that change more slowly than the fact granularity Type 1: Current only Type 2: All history Type 3: Most recent few (rare) Note: rapidly changing dimensions usually indicate the presence of a business process that should be tracked as a separate dimension or as a fact table

11. CustKeyBKCustIDCustNameCommDistGenderHomOwn? 155231421Jane Rider3FN DateCustKeyProdKeyItem CountAmount 1/7/200415529511,798.00 3/2/2004155237127.95 5/7/20051552872320.26 2/21/20061552 238742119.95 Cust Key BKCust ID Cust Name Comm Dist GenderHom Own? EffEnd 155231421Jane Rider3FN1/7/20041/1/2006 238731421Jane Rider31FN1/2/200612/31/9999 Fact Table Dimension with a slowly changing attribute

12. Date Dimensions One row for every day for which you expect to have data for the fact table (perhaps generated in a spreadsheet and imported) Usually use a meaningful integer surrogate key (such as yyyymmdd 20060926 for Sep. 26, 2006). Note: this order sorts correctly. Include rows for missing or future dates to be added later.

13. Degenerate Dimensions Dimensions without attributes. (Such as a transaction number or order number.) Put the attribute value into the fact table even though it is not an additive fact.

14. Snowflaking (Outrigger Dimensions or Reference Dimensions) Connects entities to dimension tables rather than the fact table Complicates coding and requires additional processing for retrievals Makes type 2 slowly changing dimensions harder to maintain Useful for seldom used lookups

15. M:N Multivalued Dimensions Fact to Dimension Dimension to Dimension Try to avoid these. Solutions can be very misleading.

16. Multivalued Dimensions ORDERS (FACT) SalesRepKey ProductKey SalesRepGrpKey CustomerKey OrderQty SALESREP SalesRepKey Name Address SALESREP-ORDER-BRIDGE SalesRepKey SalesrepGroupKey Weight= (1/NumReps)

17. Hierarchies Group data within dimensions: SalesRep Region State County Neighborhood Problem structures Variable depth Frequently changing

18. Heterogeneous Products Several different kinds of entry with different attributes for each (The sub-class problem)

19. Aggregate Dimensions Dimensions that represent data at different levels of granularity Remove a dimension Roll up the hierarchy (provide a new shrunken dimension with new surr-key that represents rolled up data)

20. Junk Dimensions Miscellaneous attributes that don’t belong to another entity, usually representing processing levels Flags Categories Types

21. Fact Tables Transaction Track processes at discrete points in time when they occur Periodic snapshot Cumulative performance over specific time intervals Accumulating snapshot Constantly updated over time. May include multiple dates representing stages.

22. Aggregates Precalculated summary tables Improve performance Record data an coarser granularity