1. Leadership in
ANCIENT EGYPT

3. Class System in Ancient Egypt
PHARAOH
Earthly leader; considered a god
HIGH PRIESTS AND PRIESTESSES
Served gods and goddesses
NOBLES
Fought pharaoh’s wars
MERCHANTS, SCRIBES, AND ARTISANS
Made furniture, jewelry & fabrics for
pharaohs & nobles, & provided for other needs
PEASANT FARMERS AND SLAVES
Worked in the fields and served the pharaoh

4. Advances in Learning Advances in the Arts
Developed a form of picture writing called hieroglyphics.
Doctors diagnosed and cured
illnesses, performed surgery, and developed medicines still used
today.
Developed 12-month calendar on
which modern calendar is based.
Astronomers mapped constellations and charted movement of the
planets.
Developed practical geometry.
Skilled in design and engineering.
Statues, paintings, and writings tell us about ancient Egyptian values and attitudes.
Developed painting style that
remained unchanged for thousands of years.
Wrote hymns and prayers to the
gods, proverbs, love poems, stories of victory in battle, and folk tales.
Built pyramids and other great
buildings, such as temple of
Ramses II.

5. Early Dynastic ( )- unification of upper and lower Egypt into a single Kingdom by Pharaoh Narmer
Old Kingdom- ( BC)- development of despotic Pharonic dynasties- construction of Pyramids
1st Intermediate- ( BC)- Chaos and disunity
Middle Kingdom- ( BC)- reestablishment of Kingdom with Thebes as political center- beginning of powerful cult of Amun
2nd Intermediate- ( BC)- Hyksos invasion
New Kingdom- ( BC)- Imperial period (Valley of the Kings)
Late Period- ( BC)- decline of Kingdom; conquest by Alexander the Great

6. OLD KINGDOM KINGDOM NEW KINGDOM
MIDDLE
KINGDOM
NEW KINGDOM
Pharaohs organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods.
Egyptians built pyramids at Giza.
Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom.
Large drainage project created arable farmland.
Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete.
Corruption and
rebellions were
common.
Hyksos invaded & occupied the delta
region.
Powerful pharaohs created a large empire
that reached the Euphrates River.
Hatshepsut
encouraged trade.
Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria.
Egyptian power
declined.

7. Pharaohs a sampling

8. King Menes <NARMER>
C 3100 BC
1st dynasty (of 30 dynasties)
King of Upper Egypt
United Upper & Lower Egypt
Combined two crowns
White crown for Upper Egypt
Red crown for Lower Egypt + =

9. ZOSER <DJOSER> c. 2650 BC 3rd Dynasty of the Old Kingdom
Responsible for world's 1st
known monumental stone building: Steppe Pyramid at Saqqara
Little known about Djoser, but
Steppe Pyramid suggests that Egypt politically stable-- successful economy
Architect Imhotep,
a priest and advisor
first architect known by name in history

10. Khufu <Cheops> 2551-2528 Created largest pyramid at Giza
4th Dynasty
Full name, Khnum-Khufwy, means ‘[the god] Khnum protect me.’
Believed he was protected by higher power
Gave him confidence/foresight to build the Great Pyramid.
Khufu’s father, King Sneferu, taught him the art of pyramid building.

11. Hatshepsut 1490-1469 Hatshepsut rules Egypt “his majesty herself”
Married to Thutmose II
Regent for Thutmose III
Ruled 20 years on her own
Temple at Deir-el Bahri
Established trade routes to Punt to make Egypt rich

12. Thutmose III 1490-1436 Destroyed evidence of his stepmother/ aunt
Great military leader
“Napoleon of Ancient Egypt”
54 years of rule,
Captured over 350 cities
Buried in Valley of the Kings

13. Amenhotep IV/ Akhenaten
Changed Ancient Egyptian Religion to Monotheism
Took name Akhenaten, means “Servant to Aten”
Aten, god & disk of the sun
Married to Nefertiti
Father of Tutankhamun
Considered heretic king

14. NEFERTITI
"And the Heiress, Great in the Palace, Fair of Face, Adorned with the Double Plumes, Mistress of Happiness, Endowed with Favors, at hearing whose voice the King rejoices, the Chief Wife of the King, his beloved, the Lady of the Two Lands, Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti, May she live for Ever and Always"
Nefertiti was active in the religious and cultural changes initiated by her husband
~Some maintain she initiated the new religion ~She also had the position as a priest(ess)

15. Tutankhamun 1333-1323 Known as the “Boy King”
Married one of his half sisters
Helped restore Egyptian polytheism
Took Nine
Died ~ 19 due to a head injury
Buried in the Valley of the Kings (KV 62)

16. Ramses II Known as Ramses the Great 200 wives 96 sons 60 daughters
Known as
Ramses the Great
200 wives
96 sons
60 daughters
Lived for 96 years
Originally buried in the Valley of the Kings
but was moved to avoid looting

17. The Last Great Pharaoh - Ramses III
At time of Ramses III the world was going through great upheavals.
Two principle wives plus many minor wives
Tiye, caused his destruction.
Plot to kill him with the aim of placing her son, prince Pentaweret, on the throne.
She <and others> stirred rebellion used magic wax images and poison as weapons.
Conspiracy failed, traitors arrested but not before Ramses was mortally wounded.
Fourteen officials sat in judgment and all the accused condemned to commit suicide.
Ramses died before the trial was completed.
The Last Great Pharaoh - Ramses III BC

18. Thank You