1. Signal Transduction Mechanisms
Chemical Messengers and Receptors

2. Cell Signals
What kinds of environmental factors do cells respond to?

3. Chemical Signals
What is the difference between hormones and parcrine factors?

4. Signal Transduction
What elements are involved in cell signaling?

5. Signal Transduction
What is the difference between a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic messenger?
What kinds of substances fall into each of these categories?

6. Signal Transduction
What exactly do we mean by signal transduction?

7. Signal Transduction
What is true about the attachment between ligand and receptor?
What is meant by receptor affinity?
What is Kd?

8. Signal Transduction What is meant by receptor down regulation?
Why is a knowledge of receptor function so important?

9. G Protein-Linked Receptors
What is a G protein?
What does this type of receptor look like?

10. G Protein-Linked Receptors

11. Structure of G Proteins
Why are many G proteins considered heterotrimeric?

12. Activation of G Proteins

13. G Proteins
What are some of the effects of activated G proteins?

14. Cyclic AMP & G Proteins

15. Cyclic AMP

16. Cyclic AMP
How does c-AMP act as a second messenger in the cell?

17. Cyclic AMP
What are some of the observed effects of c-AMP in cells?

18. Cyclic AMP
What do the organisms that cause cholera and pertusis have in common?

19. G Proteins
Besides c-AMP what other second messengers depend upon G proteins?

20. G Proteins
How is inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol formed?

21. G Proteins

22. Inositol Triphosphate & Diacylglycerol
What cell functions are regulated by these second messengers?

23. Calcium Ions
How is the Ca+2 concentration in cells regulated?

24. Calcium Ions
How do we know that Ca+2 are involved in cell signaling mechanisms?

25. Calcium Ions
How does Ca+2 exert its effects in the cell?

26. Calcium Ions
What role does an increase in Ca+2 play in the development of animals?

27. Calcium Ions
What role does Ca+2 play in plant cell function?

28. Calcium Ions
How are G proteins involved in smooth muscle relaxation?

29. Protein Kinase Associated Receptors
What do all of these receptors have in common?

30. Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
What do we know about the structure of these receptors?

31. Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
What are non-receptor tyrosine kinases?

32. Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
What happens when this receptor is activated?

33. Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

34. Growth Factors
What are growth factors?

35. Growth Factors

36. Fibroblast Growth Factor
What role does this growth factor play in embryonic development?

37. TGF-β
How does TGF-β differ from FGF?

38. Growth Factors
What do these different pathways have in common?

39. Growth Factors
In what way is cancer related to growth factors?

40. Hormones
How do we differentiate an endocrine from a paracrine hormone?
between a paracrine hormone and a growth factor?

41. Hormones
What are some physiological functions controlled by hormones?

42. Hormones

43. Adrenergic Hormones In general, how do these hormones affect the body?
What are some of the specific effects of these hormones?

44. Adrenergic Hormones
What kinds of receptors respond to these hormones?

45. Adrenergic Hormones On what tissues do we find α receptors?
smooth muscle associated with arterioles that feed heart, bronchioles & skeletal muscle

46. Adrenergic Hormones
What are some of the cell functions regulated by epinephrine via the c-AMP pathway?

47. Adrenergic Hormones
How specifically does epinephrine influence the breakdown of glycogen?

48. Adrenergic Hormones
In what way do the α and β receptors act antagonistically?
How are responses to hormones coordinated?

49. Paracrine Hormones
What does histamine do and why is it important

50. Paracrine Hormones
What role do prostaglandins play in blood clot formation?

51. Cell Signaling and Apoptosis
How is apoptosis different from necrosis?

52. Cell Signaling and Apoptosis
How are caspases related to apoptosis?

53. Cell Signaling and Apoptosis