1. Ch 6 Microbial Growth

2. Student Learning Outcomes:
Classify microbes into five groups on the basis of preferred temperature range.
 Explain the importance of osmotic pressure to microbial growth.
 Provide a use for each of the four elements (C, N, S, P) needed in large amounts for microbial growth.
Explain how microbes are classified on the basis of O2 needs.
Identify ways in which aerobes avoid damage by toxic forms of O2.
Describe the formation of biofilms and their potential for causing infection.
Distinguish between chemically defined and complex media.
Justify the use of each of the following: anaerobic techniques, living host cells, candle jars, selective, differential, and enrichment media.
Define colony and CFUs and describe how pure cultures can be isolated with streak plates.
Explain how microbes are preserved by deep-freezing and lyophilization.
Distinguish between binary fission and budding.
Define generation time and explain the bacterial growth curve.
Review some direct and indirect methods of measuring bacterial cell growth. 1

3. Microbial Growth
Microbial growth: Increase in cell number, not cell size!
Physical Requirements for Growth: Temperature
Minimum growth temperature
Optimum growth temperature
Maximum growth temperature
Five groups based on optimum growth temperature
Psychrophiles
Psychrotrophs
Mesophiles
Thermophiles
Hyperthermophiles
Psychrotrophs cause food spoilage
Listeriosis is a food-borne infection that causes about 2,500 people in the United States to become ill each year, and results in about 500 deaths. It is caused by food contaminated with the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, a rod, coccobacilli shaped bacteria that can be arranged in chains or as single cells. The bacterium is motile at 20°-25°C, and is catalase positive. It is a psychrophile; therefore, it is neither killed nor does it grow slowly at cold temperatures. Listeria monocytogenes has been isolated from several sources including: ground beef, chicken and turkey, lunch meats, hot dogs, cheese, and poorly pasteurized milk.
The disease usually affects pregnant women, newborns, and the immunocompromised.
Fever • Muscle aches • Diarrhea • Nausea • Sore Throat
Figs & 3

4. Figs 6.2/3: Food preservation temperatures and Effect of amount of food on its cooling rate

5. Physical Requirements for Growth: pH and Osmotic Pressure
Most bacteria grow best between pH 6.5 and 7.5: Neutrophils
Some bacteria are very tolerant of acidity or thrive in it: Acidophiles (preferred pH range 1 to 5)
Molds and yeasts grow best between pH 5 and 6
Hypertonic environments (increased salt or sugar) cause plasmolysis
Obligate halophiles vs. facultative halophiles
Fig 6.4

6. Plasmolysis
Fig 6.4

7. Chemical Requirements for Growth: C, N, S, P, etc.
Carbon
 Half of dry weight
Chemoheterotrophs use organic carbon sources
Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus
Needed for ?
Found in amino acids and proteins (most bacteria decompose proteins)
S in thiamine and biotin
Phosphate ions (PO43–)
Also needed K, Mg, Ca, trace elements (as cofactors), and organic growth factors
Vit B1
Vit B7

8. Chemical Requirements for Growth: Oxygen
O2 requirements vary greatly
Examples of facultative anaerobes: E.coli, yeasts etc. Many bacteria can substitute another inorganic ion for oxygen
Microaerophile: Borrelia burgdorferi Helicobacter pylori
Table 6.1: The Effects of Oxygen on the Growth of Various Types of Bacteria

9. Toxic Forms of Oxygen 2 · ·
Superoxide free radicals (also known as superoxide anions)
Peroxide anion: O22– 2
Superoxide is biologically quite toxic and is deployed by the immune system to kill invading microorganisms. In phagocytes, superoxide is produced in large quantities by the enzyme NADPH oxidase for use in oxygen-dependent killing mechanisms of invading pathogens.

10. Fig 6.5
Biofilms
Microbial communities form slime or hydrogels and share nutrients
Starts via attachment of planctonic bacteria to surface structures.
Sheltered from harmful factors (disinfectants etc.)
Cause of most nosocomial infections
Bacteria communicate by chemicals via quorum sensing (Bonnie Bassler TED conference talk)
Example: Patients with indwelling catheters received contaminated heparin  Bacterial #s in contaminated heparin were too low to cause infection  84–421 days after exposure, patients developed infections
Microbes adhere to surfaces and accumulate as biofilms on solid surfaces in contact with
water.
2. Biofilms form on teeth, contact lenses, and catheters.
3. Microbes in biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics than are free-swimming microbes.

11. Culture Media Culture medium: Nutrients prepared for microbial growth
Have to be sterile (not living microbes)
Inoculum: Introduction of microbes into medium
Culture: Microbes growing in/on culture medium
Chemically defined media: Exact chemical compo- sition is known (for research purposes only)
Complex media: Extracts and digests of yeasts, meat, or plants, e.g.:
Nutrient broth
Nutrient agar
Blood agar

12. Agar Complex polysaccharide
Used as solidifying agent for culture media in Petri plates, slants, and deeps
Generally not metabo- lized by microbes
Liquefies at 100°C
Solidifies ~40°C

13. Anaerobic Culture Methods
Reducing media contain chemicals (e.g.: thioglycollate) that combine with O2 . Keep in tightly capped test tubes.
Novel method in clinical labs for Petri plates: Add oxyrase to growth media  OxyPlate
Anaerobic jars
Anaerobic chambers
Figs 6.6 & 6.7

14. Capnophiles: Aerobic Bacteria Requiring High CO2
Low O2, high CO2 conditions resemble those found in
intestinal tract
respiratory tract and
other body tissues where pathogens grow
E.g: Campylobacter jejuni
Use candle jar, CO2- generator packets, or CO2 incubators
Campylobacter jejuni is the most commonly reported bacterial cause of foodborne infection in the United States. Adding to the human and economic costs are chronic sequelae associated with C. jejuni infection—Guillian-Barré syndrome and reactive arthritis. In addition, an increasing proportion of human infections caused by C. jejuni are resistant to antimicrobial therapy. Mishandling of raw poultry and consumption of undercooked poultry are the major risk factors for human campylobacteriosis. Efforts to prevent human illness are needed throughout each link in the food chain.
Photograph: Scanning electron microscope image of Campylobacter jejuni, illustrating its corkscrew appearance and bipolar flagella. Source: Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Candle jar

15. Selective Media and Differential Media
Selective medium: Additives suppress unwanted and encourage desired microbes – e.g. EMB, mannitol salt agar etc.
Differential medium: changed in recognizable manner by some bacteria  Make it easy to distinguish colonies of different microbes – e.g.  and  hemolysis on blood agar; MacConkey agar, EMB, mannitol salt agar etc.
Compare to Fig 6.9

16. EMB
MacConkey

17. MSA
Fig 6.10

18. Enrichment Media/Culture
Encourages growth of desired microbe
Example: Assume soil sample contains a few phenol- degrading bacteria and thousands of other bacteria
Inoculate phenol-containing culture medium with the soil and incubate
Transfer 1 ml to another flask of the phenol medium and incubate
Only phenol-metabolizing bacteria will be growing

19. Pure Cultures Contain only one species or strain.
Most patient specimens and environmental samples contain several different kinds of bacteria
Streak-plate method is commonly used. More details in lab.
Colony formation: A population of cells arising from a single cell or spore or from a group of attached cells (also referred to as CFU).
Only ~1% of all bacteria can be successfully cultured
Aseptic technique critical!
Compare to Fig. 6.11

20. Preserving Bacterial Cultures
Deep-freezing: Rapid cooling of pure culture in suspension liquid to –50°to –95°C. Good for several years.
Lyophilization (freeze-drying): Frozen (–54° to –72°C) and dehydrated in a vacuum. Good for many years.
Regular freezer -20 degrees Celcius
Refco – 80 degree Celcius

21. The Growth of Microbial Cultures
Binary fission – exponential growth
Budding
Generation time – time required for cell to divide (also known as doubling time)
Ranges from 20 min (________) to > 24h (_____________)
Consider reproductive potential of E. coli
Fig 6.12a

22. Fig 6.13
Figure 6.12b

23. Bacterial Growth Curve
Foundation Fig 6.15
Illustrates the dynamics of growth
Phases of growth
Lag phase
Exponential or logarithmic (log) phase
Stationary phase
Death phase (decline phase)
Compare growth in liquid and on solid media

24. Direct Measurements of Microbial Growth
Viable cell counts: Plate counts: Serial dilutions put on plates CFUs form colonies
Measuring cell products:
Acid production
Gas production
ATP generation
Fig 6.16

25. Fig 6.17
Figure 6.15, step 1

26. Additional Direct Counts
Direct microscopic count: Counting chambers (slides) for microscope
Filtration method of choice for low counts
Fig 6.18

27. Indirect Count: Spectrophotometry
Measures turbidity
OD (Absorbance) is function of cell number
Fig 6.21
The End