1. “The Great War for Empire”
The French & Indian War
(1756 to 1763)
“The Great War for Empire”

2. Was 1763
a "turning point"
in British-colonial
relationships???

3. North America in 1750

4. French and British Land Claims
Lasalle claimed M. River,
1718 – Established New Orleans
British: Royal charters gave land
to British crown

5. Clash of Cultures Altered Native American life, bc
busy trading with the Europeans
Disruption of Relations among
N.A. nations – Europeans pitted tribes against each other
Conflict over land

6. Other wars Native American wars in New
England area since early 17th c.
(See notes)
4 Colonial wars between France & England
King William’s
Queen Anne’s
King George’s
French and Indian War (7 year’s War)

7. Sides French and Native Americans vs. English and Native Americans
Algonquins, Delaware, Huron, Ottowa, Shawnee, Lenapa
vs.
English and Native Americans
Iroquois League

8. Causes of the War Land Disputes Religious Ideology
- Protestant v. Catholic
3. Native Americans
- wanted Europeans to stop coming on their
land

9. 1754  Albany Plan of Union
Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA
Plan for defense and recruit Iroquois as allies
Albany Congress  failed due to fact that Parliament and colonial legislatures were afraid of losing power

10. Fort Duquense
VA land speculators had bought land in
the Ohio Valley in 1749
Built a fort there to protect their
investment
French drove them off the land
and finished building the fort
Named it Fort Duquesne
Forks of the Ohio, Monongahela, and Allegheny River

11. Introducing November 1753 Governor Robert Dinwiddie (VA)
Major George Washington
Sent to the upper Ohio Valley
to warn the French to leave
Washington returns with report
French are well established and
intend to expand their control

12. 1754  The First Clash The Ohio Valley British French Jumonville Glen
Fort Necessity

13. At the beginning… 1st phase – 1754-1756
primarily a North American conflict that English colonists managed on their own with little assistance from Britain
1755 – Britain sends General Edward Braddock
Harsh leader, condescending towards colonial militias
Utilizes traditional European fighting, not prepared for colonial fighting
Fails miserably to take the crucial site at the forks of the Ohio River where Washington had lost Fort necessity
Early phase of war – French definitely had the advantage
French took British Fort Oswego in 1756 – more Native Americans allied with French
Then French took Fort William Henry

14. 1756  International Conflict - 2nd Phase begins!
Lord Loudoun
Marquis de Montcalm
Native American tribes exploited both sides!

15. British-American Colonial Tensions
Colonials
British
Methods of Fighting:
Indian-style guerilla tactics.
March in formation or bayonet charge.
Military Organization:
Col. militias served under own captains.
Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials.
Military Discipline:
No mil. deference or protocols observed.
Drills & tough discipline.
Finances:
Resistance to rising taxes.
Colonists should pay for their own defense.
Demeanor:
Casual, non-professionals.
Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

16. 1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister
He understood colonial concerns.
He improved war efforts in America:
- Sent Troops
- Sent money
RESULTS?  Colonial morale increased by 1758.

17. 3rd Phase begins - 1758-1761  The Tide Turns
* By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

19. 3rd Phase – Tide Turns for England
By mid 1758 – British regulars and colonial militias were seizing one French stronghold after another
July British took Ft. Duquesne without a fight – renamed it Ft Pitt
Battle of Louisburg – Gen. Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe captured the French fortress
Battle of Ticonderoga, Niagara – British victory

20. Siege of Quebec Lynch pin of French Control in America
General James Wolfe – British
Ordered his troops up a narrow
undefended path (hidden ravine) just outside
Quebec
General Louis Montcalm
Awoke to British troops
surrounding the city
- City eventually fell, Sept. 13, 1759, after only 30 minutes of fighting
One year later – French formally surrendered to Amherst at Montreal!

22. 1763  Treaty of Paris
France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, some of her West Indian islands, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi R.
Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, Cuba, but lost Florida to England.
England --> all land east of M. River, Florida, got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

23. North America in 1763

24. Effects of the War on the American Colonials
1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.
2. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

25. Effects of the War on Britain?
1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

26. The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier
1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion
Fort Detroit
British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

27. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

28. Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA)
BACKLASH!
British  Proclamation Line of 1763.
Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA)

29. Rethinking Their Empire
Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling:
1761  writs of assistance
James Otis’ case
Protection of a citizen’s private property must be held in higher regard than a parliamentary statute.
He lost  parliamentary law and custom had equal weight.

30. George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765
1. Sugar Act
2. Currency Act
3. Quartering Act
4. Stamp Act

31. Theories of Representation
Real Whigs
Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies??
Absolute?
OR Limited?
Q-> How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that body??

32. Stamp Act Crisis Loyal Nine - 1765
Sons of Liberty – began in NYC: Samuel Adams
Stamp Act Congress – * Stamp Act Resolves
Declaratory Act – 1766

33. Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770
1767  William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer.
Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops  paying col. govt. salaries.
He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade.
Tax these imports  paper, paint, lead, glass, tea.
Increase custom officials at American ports  established a Board of Customs in Boston.

34. Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties
1. John Dickinson  * Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania.
 2nd non-importation movement: * “Daughters of Liberty” * spinning bees
3. Riots against customs agents: * John Hancock’s ship, the Liberty * 4000 British troops sent to Boston.

35. many colonists began calling people who joined the non-importation
For the first time,
many colonists began calling people
who joined the non-importation
movement,
"patriots!"