2. Chapter 13 North and South Industrialization changed US Elias Howe sewing machine Transportation improved with canals, and roads and growth of railroads Robert Fulton- steamboat –Steamboats spurred growth of cities

3. Locomotives Began connecting mines with rivers By 1860 31000 miles of track –Peter Cooper- locomotive inventor Transformed nation’s interior

4. Communication Faster travel, growth of industry led to Telegraph- Samuel Morse Morse Code

5. Agriculture John Deere Steel tipped plow Thresher Mechanical reaper- McCormic, made wheat profitable *** North turned away from farming, more toward industry***

6. Reaper

7. Sec. 2 North’s People Lowell Massachusetts, first factories Factory system- all aspects of production under one roof Spinning jenny Power loom

8. Working Conditions More hours on job 11- 14 hours a day Dangerous working conditions Hot, cold, dusty, loud Employers showed more concern for $ than safety

9. Organize workers Trade unions- all the same trade or skill united for better working conditions Strikes - refusing to work Women workers-not allowed in trade unions –Formed their own, founded by Sarah Bagley petitioned for shorter days, didn’t pass.. B/c women signed petition

10. Rise of Cities More industry more growth NYC largest city in 1860 Cities grew on rivers. Why ? What were some results of this rapid growth?

11. Immigration 1840-1860 dramatic increase of immigrants Irish Immigrants- potato famine Took low paying jobs in factories Impact –Changed character –Catholic not Protestant –Most settled in Northeast

12. Prejudice Nativists - felt immigration threatened American way of life. Accused immigrants of taking jobs meant for Americans Bringing disease, crime Know nothing party formed

13. Section 3 Southern Cotton Kingdom Upper south- Tobacco/rice/indigo Deep South- cotton is KING Cotton Gin- worker cleaned 50lbs in a day, vs. 1 lb by hand!! ***Led to the demand for more slave labor** Value of slaves increased- Upper south center for transport/sale of slaves

14. Southern Economy Boom in cotton sales Agriculture profitable –Ain’t broke don’t fix it Lack of capital –Kept industry out of south Market for manufactured goods smaller Didn’t want industry

15. Transportation Railroads, short not connecting all parts Cities grew slowly as a result Hurt the South during the Civil War

16. Section 4 The South’s People Yeoman - largest groups of whites, no slaves Tenant farmers -didn’t own land, rented it Rural Poor- self sufficient Plantation owners- large houses, lots of land, lots of slaves 4% population held 20 or more slaves

17. Plantations Main goal to earn profits Sold cotton to agents in cities –Telegraph made this easier Wives spent long hours alone, had to watch over slaves working in home, take care of the sick, act as accountants

18. Life Under Slavery Slaves endured hardship Earned no money Separated from family Live under slave codes

19. Escaping Slavery Harriet Tubman- Underground RR Frederick Douglass- spoke out against slavery

20. City Life Largest cities were seaports or river ports Some free African Americans lived in the south, faced discrimination Many white children of rich parents went to school Literacy in the south lower than north