1. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE

2. Acute Responses to Exercise are the immediate physiological responses to exercise.

3. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Cardiovascular Responses Heart Rate (HR) – measured in beats per minute bpm Increase – sub max (steady state) Increase linearly until predicted max Predicted maximum is a calculation – 220-Age = no change

4. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Cardiovascular Responses Stroke Volume (SV) – Volume of Blood the volume of blood pumped from theblood Left ventricleLeft ventricle of the heart with each beat.heart Increases as heart contracts more forcefully Rest = 60 – 80 mL per beat Max Stroke Volume = 90 -120 mL per beat reached during sub max exercise

5. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Cardiovascular Responses Cardiac Output (Q) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cardiac output (Q) is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a ventricle in a minute. An average cardiac output would be 5L.min -1 for a human male and 4.5L.min -1 for a femaleheartventricle Q = SV x HR

6. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Cardiac Output (Q) Rest = 4-6 litres of blood pumped per minute. Cardiac Output increases to steady state at constant pace or linearly with increasing intensity up to exhaustion

7. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Cardiovascular Responses Blood Pressure is the pressure exerted against the arterial wall Systole and Diastole Systolic Pressure Increases as greater volume of blood fills the arteries Diastolic Pressure remains fairly constant

8. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Blood Flow 80 – 85% Q to working muscles Decrease in blood flow to the organs Increase to lungs Increase coronary blood flow

9. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Cardiovascular Responses Arterio-Venous Oxygen Difference (A-VO2) is the difference in the Oxygen Concentration between the arteries and the veins Increase from rest (more blood absorbed into muscles) a-vO 2 diff at rest = 6mL/100mL a-vO 2 = 19mL/100mL (artery) – 4mL/100mL (vein) = 15mL/100mL

10. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Cardiovascular Responses Blood Plasma is the yellow liquid component of blood inliquidblood which the blood cells in whole blood are normally suspended.blood cells It makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. It is thevolume intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside of cells).extracellular fluid It is mostly water (93% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide (plasma beinghormonescarbon dioxide the main medium for excretory product transportation). Decreases due to increased sweating

11. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Respiratory Responses Respiratory Rate (breaths/min) 12 -15 breaths per minute at rest 40 - 50 breaths per minute during exercise

12. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Respiratory Responses Tidal volume is the lung volume representing the normallung volume volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied. Increased

13. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Respiratory Responses Ventilation = Respiratory Rate x Tidal Volume At rest V = 0.5 litres x 12 breaths per min V = 6 litres/min During Exercise V = 2.5 litres x 45 breaths per min V = 112.5 litres

14. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Respiratory Responses Lung Diffusion Increases due to increase in Blood Flow and dilation of capillaries surrounding the alveoli Oxygen Uptake (VO2) Increases as body absorbs more oxygen and uses it to produce more aerobic energy

15. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Muscular Adaptations

16. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Muscular Adaptations Increased number of muscular contractions Increased motor unit activation Increased muscle temperature

17. CHRONIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Muscular Adaptations Depletion of ATP/PC stores Depletion of Glycogen and Triglyceride stores

18. ACUTE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Muscular Adaptations Increased blood flow as capillaries dilate Increased oxygen extraction Increased enzyme activity