1. Introduction to and Review of the International Normative Framework Dignity, Freedom, Non-Discrimination & Equality – Securing the Base-Line & Realising Human Capabilities Professor John Packer Director, Human Rights Centre University of Essex

2. History Peace of Westphalia (1648) Peace of Westphalia (1648) –Sovereign equality (of Princes) –Accommodation of religious communities National sovereignty (19 th century) National sovereignty (19 th century) Nationalities principle (early 20 th century) Nationalities principle (early 20 th century) National self-determination (post WW I) National self-determination (post WW I) –“National minorities” protection regime... limited & selective Protection of human rights (post WW II) Protection of human rights (post WW II) [Protection of minorities post Cold War] [Protection of minorities post Cold War]

3. Pre-1945 Logic Westphalia’s “billiard balls”

4. Post-1945 Logic Equally sovereign States comprising Equal human beings guaranteed Equal “human rights”

5. Key Norms and Standards Between States 1. Principle of Sovereign Equality 2. Principle of Non-Intervention 3. Principle of Non-Use of Force 4. Principle of Collective Security 5. Principle of Cooperation Within the State 1. “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.” (Article 1 UDHR) 2. Principle of Non-Discrimination (UN Charter etc.) 3. Principle of Equality (UN Charter etc.) 4. Principle of Development

6. The problem of minorities 1. Factual differences - needs, interests and aspirations 2. Factual (dis)advantage 3. The majority rule [a problem of majorities] 4. Limits of possibility and of feasibility

7. Issues for Diversity Management - I 1. Achieving and maintaining security … generating voluntary compliance a. Guaranteeing fundamental rights & freedoms b. Guaranteeing [additional] minority rights -Identity maintenance and development -Effective participation in public life -Economic and social well-being 2. Ensuring good & democratic governance -Responsible authority under Rule of Law -Consultative & deliberative decision-making -Public service -Legitimate (limited) Use of Force

8. Issues for Diversity Management - II 3. Institutional arrangements a. Accommodation of diversity - Exceptions / exemptions - Special measures - Subsidiarity – forms of autonomy (decentralisation) b. Supervisory bodies -Monitoring and reporting -Public interest actors (e.g. NIHR) -Judicial and non-judicial recourses 4. International guarantees

9. Continuum of Protection Fundamental Human Rights Anti-discrimination Minority Rights Good Governance IMPACTS: - Maximizing Freedom [to choose] - Realising Human Capabilities GOAL: Individual and Social Development... [Positive] Peace and Prosperity