1. The Maputo Declaration Implementation in East Africa PAP / EALA Seminar: 26-27 April Rwanda

2. Background & Motivation policy framework... Africa’s common policy framework for agriculture-led socio- economic growth... (accelerate agricultural growth, improve food security and strengthen environmental resilience); endorsed in 2003 6% Annual Agriculture Productivity growth rate (by 2015) 10% Public Expenditure allocation to Agriculture (by 2008)

3. Why CAADP? productivity should be Level and quality of productivity should be able to position agriculture as an engine for GROWTH Policy environment to provide desired incentives for both state and non-state players (Security, investments, Governance, etc…) Institutional arrangements and capacity for effective and efficient implementation

4. CAADP implementation in EAC Country Dates when Compacts signed IP ReadyTechnical review for the IPBusiness Meeting held 24-25 August 2009 YesYes (22-31 Aug 2011)Yes (14-15 March 2012) Burundi 23-24 July 2010YesYes (6-14 Sept 2010)Yes (27th Sept 2010) Kenya 30-31 March 2007YesYes (4-8 Dec 2009)Yes (8-9 Dec 2009) Rwanda 30-31- March 2010 YesYes (2-10 Sept 2010)Yes (16-17 Sept 2010) Uganda 6-8 July 2010YesYes (20-31 May 2011)Yes (9-10 Nov 2011) Tanzania

5. Africa-wide PAE, 1995-2010 Public agriculture expenditure (PAE) in Africa as a whole declined in 2003-09 (post CAADP) compared to 1995-2003 (pre-CAADP) Differences across different regions and countries

6. PAE in Central Africa, 2003-10 Increase in Burundi, Rep of Congo, and São Tomé and Principe Decline or stagnated in other countries, which also spend less than 5%

7. PAE in East Africa, 2003-10 Many countries in East Africa spent 5-10% percent of total expenditure on agriculture Spending has increased over time in several countries (especially Ethiopia, Rwanda, Sudan)

8. PAE in North Africa, 2003-10 Spending has stagnated in Mauritania and is on a downward trend from the 10% target in the other countries

9. PAE in Southern Africa, 2003-10 Malawi is outstanding performer, with nearly three time the target in recent times Apart from Zambia, spending has stagnated or declined in the other countries

10. PAE in West Africa, 2003-10 Region where many countries have achieved target Spending has increased in many countries Burkina Faso and Mali (and Niger in recent times) have consistently cut back on spending to the target level

11. Summary of progress & key questions (I) Since 2003 when the declaration was made: Only 11 countries have surpassed the target in any year— Burkina Faso, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Zambia, and Zimbabwe only 7 have surpassed it in many years Where expenditure has been increasing or is high: Especially among countries in east and west Africa, is it because they have observed positive returns or because they think the 10% is optimal? Where the expenditure has been declining: Especially in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger where the shares were higher than 10%, is it because they are not getting the expected returns?

12. Summary of progress & key questions (II) For middle income countries with other sources of growth and development (esp. in North and Southern Africa), is it because returns to additional spending in agriculture is lower than in the other sectors? Where expenditure has stagnated: Is it because they have reached equilibrium, where returns to additional spending in agriculture and non-agriculture are equal? These questions reflect the issue of the composition of public agriculture expenditure (PAE): Role of government: large variation over time reflects changing involvement of government in the sector Accounting issue: PAE depends of how PAE is accounted for and reported in different countries

13. PAE data challenges and requirements Answering the questions posed earlier in a comprehensive manner is very challenging; virtually impossible with existing data for many countries Some analysis on the efficiency and effectiveness of PAE exists in a handful of countries only We are faced with PAE measurement problems Most of data are at higher aggregate level Data systems reflect outlays associated with organizational structures of governments rather than objectives sought and functions performed Several PAE undertaken outside traditional ag MDAs We need to do better for successful JSRs

14. % of NAIP budget by function NRM and farm support and subsidies dominate planned expenditures, followed by irrigation Research and extension are stated priorities with specific budget allocations in a few countries only

15. Role of Parliamentarians in CAADP (I) Country level support Oversight on CAADP effectiveness National budget / oversight e.g. Public Expenditure Review (PER) & overview of the Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) is one example NAIP oversight General prioritisation of agriculture as a channel of employment amongst youth (value addition in agribusiness) & wealth creation

16. Role of Parliamentarians in CAADP (II) Regional level support RECs regional CAADP compacts and Regional Investment Plans will be key instruments in championing a systematic and coherent thrust to achieve, expand and up-scale regional agriculture business, markets, commerce and trade. EAC Regional Compact & Investment Plan?

17. Conclusions & Implications (I) Transparency, accountability (M&E /MAF) Evidence-based planning & reforms in capacity/ systems Inclusiveness & collective responsibility Inter-Ministerial Collaboration “New” form of partnerships Integrated & Comprehensive Plans/Programme Investment Plans Policy Reforms Institutions Domestic / International financing Incentives for trade/markets Comprehensive & integrated

18. Conclusions & Implications (II) The amount of PAE in Africa as a whole increased rapidly, but at a slower pace than the growth in total expenditures resulting in a decline in the share of PAE in total expenditures for Africa as a whole Some governments’ reports on compliance with the Maputo Declaration has generated controversy on what to count as PAE resulting in a debate that may be polarizing behavior around the fundamental issue of the investments needed to achieve development results i.e. what types of investment, how much of each type of investment, where should they be invested, and when should they be invested Prioritization of investments has to be based on analysis of the efficiency and effectiveness of different types of public spending. Therefore, disaggregation of public expenditure data by type, across space, and over time is critical. END