1. The Post-Napoleonic Order

2. The Congress of Vienna
Established Congress System to restore balance of power
European powers meet to discuss problems in Europe and to intervene if there is unrest
Goal to prevent further revolutions
To restore legitimate rulers who were overthrown by Napoleon
Faced two problems: Nationalism and Liberalism

3. The Challenge of Nationalism
Germany
German people living within different German states
Some want all Germans to be one nation
Italy
Italian people living under small Italian states or foreign occupation
Some want all Italians to be one nation

4. The Challenge of Nationalism
Austria
Twenty different nationalities within Austrian Empire
Germans in charge, though a minority
Each nationality wants to be a separate nation
Russia
Poles and other nationalities want independence
Britain
Irish want independence

5. The Challenge of Liberalism
The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars challenge old order of Divine Right and aristocratic rule
Demand for constitutional government
Representation in government
Civil liberties
But only for the middle class
Conservatives want to go back to before 1789

6. The Legacy of the French Revolution
Romanticism
Reaction to the Enlightenment
Questioning of Reason and Rationality
Return to nature and emphasis on pure emotion
Influence in literature, art, and music

7. The Legacy of Napoleon Napoleon inspires German nationalism
Revival of German folk tales
Inspired German national identity
The role of history
G.W.F. Hegel ( )
German philosopher
Believed history moves in cycles and clashes of ideas
Thesis, antithesis, synthesis
Fitche - Belief in the role of individual in history
Great men move history forward

8. The Conservatives Strike Back
Austria
Klemens von Metternich ( )
Austrian chancellor
Prevents reforms in Austria
Prevents German states from uniting
Prussia
Frederick William III opposes constitutional government
“Junkers” remain in charge

9. The Conservatives Strike Back
The Carlsbad Decrees
German university students form groups supporting German unification
Burschenschaften
Carlsbad Decrees issued by German Confederation in 1819
Banned student groups
Imposed censorship
Forbade discussion on German unification

10. The Conservatives Strike Back
Russia
Decembrist Revolt (1825)
Army officers attempt a revolt against Czar Nicholas I on December 1825
Demand a constitution and Nicholas’ brother Constantine as Czar
Revolt ruthlessly put down
Nicholas I also puts down revolt in Poland in 1830

11. The Conservatives Strike Back
France
Bourbons restored under Louis XVIII
Became a constitutional monarchy
Charter keeps most of the gains of the Revolution
Torn in conflict between liberals and conservatives
Repression returns by 1821

12. The Conservatives Strike Back
Britain
Workers and farmers agitate against government taxes
Parliament passes Combination Acts outlawing unions in 1799
Peterloo Massacre
Army fires on striking workers
Parliament passes Six Acts in 1819 restricting free speech

13. Revolution Erupts Greece Part of the Ottoman Empire for 500 years
Greeks launch revolution in 1821
Has the sympathy of other European powers
Greek Revolution shows weakness of the Ottoman Empire
Spurs “Eastern Question”
Greece becomes independent kingdom
Serbia also declares independence

14. Revolution Erupts Latin America
French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars lead Spanish and Portuguese colonies to declare independence in 1820
Most of the emerging countries undemocratic and poor
Britain keeps Spain and Portugal from regaining colonies

15. Revolution Erupts France Revolution of 1830
Louis XVIII dies in 1824, Charles X succeeds him
Charles X attempts to roll back constitutional government
Overthrown in 1830; Louis Philippe becomes King
France remains a constitutional monarchy under control of the middle class

16. Revolution Erupts Belgium Added to Holland in 1815
Belgians demand their independence
Based on nationalism; Belgians are Catholic, Dutch are Protestant
Belgium becomes an independent kingdom
Protection assured by major European powers

17. Revolution Erupts Britain No revolution, but makes reforms
Catholic Emancipation Act (1829) allows Irish Catholics to vote and hold office in Ireland
Great Reform Bill (1832) expands electorate by including the middle class

18. Conclusion
Europe after the Napoleonic Wars torn in struggle between conservatism and nationalism and liberalism
Conservatives try to reverse the influences of the French Revolution
Each country tries to deal with the consequences of the new order

19. The Revolution of 1848 “The Springtime of Peoples”
“The turning point at which history failed to turn.”-- George Macaulay Trevelyn [1937]

20. Revolutions of 1848 Causes (Simplistic)
Liberals from middle class demand rights
Economic slowdown
Poor harvests
Nationalism among European minorities

22. Revolution of 1848 France Ruled by Louis Philippe since 1830
Corruption in the government
Poor harvests
High prices for food
Working class demonstrate in Paris
Women demanded equal rights
Demand workshops and relief for unemployed
Soldiers fire on workers
Louis Philippe abdicates February 24, 1848

23. Revolution of 1848 Second Republic declared Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
Elected President of the Second Republic in 1848
Takes power in 1851; constitution did not allow president to be reelected
Declared himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1852

24. Revolution of 1848 Austria Nationalism among minorities
Hungarians (Magyars) demand independence
Students lead uprising in Vienna
Metternich resigns and leaves the country
Emperor Ferdinand I agrees to a liberal constitution under pressure
Ferdinand abdicates in 1848; nephew Francis Joseph becomes Emperor and takes back the constitution

25. Revolution of 1848 Austria Magyar Revolt Czech Revolt
Hungarians demand autonomy for Hungary
Demand to rule over other minorities
“Magyarization”
Put down by the Austrians with Russian help
Czech Revolt
Slavs in Bohemia and Moravia demand same autonomy as in Hungary
Beginning of Pan-Slavism
Slavs from all over Europe want to unite into one state
Used by the Russians to further their goals
Put down by the Austrians

26. Revolution of 1848 Italy Divided into separate city-states
Northern Italy under Austrian rule
Italians revolt against the Austrians
Put down by the Austrian army
Revolution spreads through other parts of Italy
Led by Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi
Revolutions put down by French troops

27. Revolution of 1848 Germany Revolution in Prussia
Liberals demand reforms
Frederick William IV agrees to reforms
New constitution written
Voting based on taxes paid

28. Revolution of 1848 Germany The Frankfurt Assembly
Liberals demand changes to the German confederation
Liberals meet in Frankfurt to write a new constitution for a united Germany
Had no support from military or German rulers
Disputes over borders of a united Germany
Crown offered to Frederick William IV of Prussia
Says, “No, thanks.”
Germany’s last chance at a democracy for 100 years

29. Conclusion Unrest throughout Europe caused Revolution of 1848
Liberals desired greater political participation
Nationalities demanded independence
Conservatives manage to put down rebellions
Few revolutionary goals achieved
Moderate liberals withdrew when more radical demands are presented