1. The Quantum Model Part II
Energy as wave and particle

2. Shapes of s orbitals
s orbital

3. s orbitals

4. Shapes p orbitals
Nodal plane

5. Shapes of d orbitals

6. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
An electron’s location and speed cannot be determined at the same time.
If we cause change to find one variable, we are no longer looking at the actual e- situation.
If we need to slow or stop it to locate it or if we need to locate it to find its speed, then we allow the chance of change.
So quantum mechanics can tell us the probability that an electron is somewhere, but it does not tell us how it got there.

7. Nodal Surfaces
A nodal surface is a region that defines the border of an orbital. This is where the probability function equals zero. Electrons CAN NOT exist in this area.
Nodal surfaces are NOT spherical for other orbitals.
Nodal surfaces are spherical for the “s” orbitals.
2p orbital
3s orbital

8. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

9. What is light?
Wave
Particle

11. How many wavelengths are represented in each figure below?
Waves: A Warm up

12. Wave Comparison Red Light Low frequency Long wavelength Violet Light
nm = 1 x 10-9 m
Red Light
Low frequency
Long wavelength
Violet Light
High frequency
Short wavelength

13. c = 
It stands to reason that if energy is constant then  (wavelength) is inversely proportional to  (frequency). OR
As wavelength increases frequency decreases

14. Example Problem
Refer to #1 on your Worksheet.

15. Max Planck
Max Planck mathematically determined “h” that could be multiplied by  to solve for energy (E) every time an electron gave off light as it fell. (This simply means that all wavelengths are proportional)
E = h

16. Pink Floyd

17. Photoelectric Effect

18. Bohr Model
Bohr was able to calculate the energy for the allowed orbits of the hydrogen atom using the formula:
Since this is true of any level, Bohr postulated the energy between energy levels could be calculated as well:

19. Principle Energy Level (n)
Bohr Model
Emission Spectra
explains Hydrogen
Electrons exist in quantized energy levels
As electrons ‘drop’ to lower energy levels emitting quanta of energy
which translate to frequencies & wavelengths
Energy (Joules)
Principle Energy Level (n)
Ratio of Level 1:Level X
-2.18E-18 1
-5.45E-19 2 4
E-19 3 9
E-19 16
-8.72E-20 5 25
E-20 6 36
E-20 7 49

20. Energy of Electrons
We can calculate the energy the electrons of a hydrogen atom emits when they fall by using the Balmer equation
So if an electron falls from the 3rd energy level to the 2nd energy level then –
Note: energy levels are not actually distances between electrons and the nucleus.

21. Excited atoms

22. Spectral Lines
Photons of different energies are released as electrons return from different energy levels.
When electrons return to the second energy level, it is visible light
Balmer Series

23. Some Atomic Emission Spectra
Hydrogen
Mercury
Argon
Helium

24. Hydrogen Emission Spectrum

25. Bright-line Spectra
Atoms are quantized, existing only in definite energy states
when an atom absorbs a specific quanta of energy electrons jump to higher energy levels.
An “EXCITED” electron jumps from its ground state to a higher energy level.
The energy cannot be maintained so it falls back to where it came from losing exactly the same amount of energy that it absorbed.

26. De Broglie Small matter (electrons) have wavelike properties as well.
Changed the Bohr model so that all elements could be explained according to their frequencies of energy.
Remember that energy is constant and that standing waves are quantized as well (they only increase by multiples of ½)

27. De Broglie
Essentially the model went from
de Broglie
Bohr to

28. de Broglie and Wave Model
An electron in its path is associated with a wavelength.
The wavelength depends on the mass:

29. Example Problem
What is the characteristic wavelength of an electron with a velocity of 5.97 x 106 m/s? (Use 9.11 x kg for the mass of an e-)