2. Chapters 12 Freshwater Resources

3. Chapter 12.1 Fresh Water is an Essential Resource

4. State Objectives  Explain how the impact of human activities on the environment (e.g., deforestation, air pollution, coral reef destruction) can be understood through the analysis of interactions between the four Earth systems.

5. Book Objectives  Explain how water is required for life.  List the ways in which water is used for human activities.

6. Warm-up  If you had to get water for your family like this each day, how might that affect the way you thought about and used water at your house?

7. Water Uses and Sources  Farming Irrigation of crops Irrigation of crops Flood irrigationFlood irrigation Spray irrigationSpray irrigation Water for animals Water for animals Water sources Water sources RainRain AquifersAquifers RiversRivers LakesLakes

8. Flood Irrigation

9. Spray Irrigation

10. Water Uses and Sources  Industry Mining Mining Cooling machines Cooling machines Manufacturing processes Manufacturing processesSources: AquifersAquifers RiversRivers LakesLakes

11. Water Uses and Sources  Transportation Move cargo on large ships and barges Move cargo on large ships and barges

12. Water Uses and Sources  Recreation Whitewater rafting, canoeing, kayaking, fishing, swimming, boating Whitewater rafting, canoeing, kayaking, fishing, swimming, boating

13. Water Uses and Sources  Fisheries and Aquaculture Fish farming provides food all over the world Fish farming provides food all over the world Can add excess nutrients and pollution to local fresh water Can add excess nutrients and pollution to local fresh water  Hatcheries Raise fish to release in the wild Raise fish to release in the wild Water sources: Lakes, rivers and aquifers Lakes, rivers and aquifers

14. Fish Farming

16. Water Uses and Sources  Energy Water wheels Water wheels Hydroelectric dams Hydroelectric dams Provide electricityProvide electricity

17. Hoover Dam

18. Water Uses and Sources  Dams Control the flow of rivers Control the flow of rivers Creates manmade lakes (reservoirs) Creates manmade lakes (reservoirs) Can be part of a hydroelectric system Can be part of a hydroelectric system Can be part of a lock system Can be part of a lock system Changes ecosystems Changes ecosystems Unintentional flooding problems Unintentional flooding problems Fish problems (they can’t get past it) Fish problems (they can’t get past it)

19. Water Uses and Sources  Locks Create “stair steps” in a river or canal to allow boats to navigate areas that would otherwise be impassible. Create “stair steps” in a river or canal to allow boats to navigate areas that would otherwise be impassible. Uses a series of gates to connect areas of different elevation Uses a series of gates to connect areas of different elevation Can connect lakes of different elevations Can connect lakes of different elevations

20. St. Lawrence Seaway

22. Locks in the Panama Canal

23. Panama Canal

24. Use What You Learned Use the picture on page 399 to answer the following: 1. What river is shown? 2. What change occurs between locks and dams 11, 14, and 21? 3. How many locks and dams are there on the Mississippi between Dubuque and St. Louis? 4. What do the dams along the river do? 5. What do the locks do? 6. What is in the lock in the picture?

25. Learning Checkup 1. What are some of the ways that humans make use of water? 2. Explain how a dam or lock system can change the hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere in a region. 3. Look at the picture on page 400, what do you think the landscape looked like before the dam? How does this picture illustrate one of the problems with dams that we discussed yesterday?

26. Chapter 12.2 Society Depends on Clean and Safe Water

27. State Objectives  Explain how water quality in both groundwater and surface systems is impacted by land use decisions

28. Book Objectives  Explain how drinking water and wastewater are treated.  Identify ways that fresh water can become polluted.  Explain how water pollution can be prevented.

29. Three Minute Warmup  Imagine that the water supply is cut off for one day. How would this affect your life and the lives of other people and organisms?

30. Water Quality  Concentration: the amount of a substance that is in another substance. Often expressed in parts per million. Often expressed in parts per million.  The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets the standards for water quality.

31. Water Quality  Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water in relationship to a set of standards. The primary uses considered for such characterization are parameters which relate to drinking water, safety of human contact, and for health of ecosystems.

32. EPA Standards

33. EPA sets standards for: Disease causing organisms Disease causing organisms Metals Metals Chemicals Chemicals Radioactive materials Radioactive materials

34. Water is treated for safe drinking. Water is stored and distributed. Water is drawn from a river or lake. Water is treated. See a water treatment plant in action. VISUALIZATION Drinking Water Treatment Plants

35.  Four major steps in treating drinking water 1. Adding disinfecting chemicals and clumping agents 2. Letting huge dirt clumps sink out 3. Filtering out dust and dirt 4. Killing bacteria with chlorine

36. Wastewater Treatment  Sewage system: a system that collects and treats wastewater from a city or town.  Wastewater: water that runs down the drain (or is flushed down the toilet); it comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture.

37. Wastewater Treatment

38.  Main steps of cleaning wastewater in a treatment plant : 1. Straining and letting sludge settle out 2. Adding chlorine 3. Pumping in oxygen to help grow bacteria that eat sludge and oil 4. Skimming grease and letting more sludge settle out 5. Adding chemicals

39. Water Use Cycle  Which parts of drinking water treatment are similar to wastewater treatment?

40. Wastewater Treatment  Septic System: a small wastewater system used by a home or a business. More common in rural areas.

42. Water Pollution  Point-source pollution Known source Known source Easy to spot & easier to stop Easy to spot & easier to stop  Non-point source pollution Unknown source (often found in runoff) Unknown source (often found in runoff) Hard to find and stop source Hard to find and stop source

43. Sources of Water Pollution  Look at the picture on pg 407, and answer the following: 1. What are five major categories of water pollution sources? 2. What causes urban pollution? 3. What is the plane doing? 4. How is the ship causing water pollution? 5. Why might a part of the river downstream be more polluted than a part of the river upstream? 6. Which sources of pollution have you seen occurring?

44. Ways to Reduce Water Pollution  Don’t pour toxic chemicals down the drain or onto the ground. Instead take them to hazardous waste collection sites. Instead take them to hazardous waste collection sites.  Don’t put computers and other electronic devices, batteries, etc. in the trash. Dispose of them properly or recycle them. Dispose of them properly or recycle them.  Stop or cut down on the use of toxic chemicals (weed killers, chemical fertilizers, etc.)

45. Learning Checkup  Answer the review questions 1 – 6 on page 409.

46. 3 minute Warmup How is the water quality of this river impacted by human land use decisions?

47. Chapter 12.3 Water Shortages Threaten Society

48. Book Objectives  Explain how overuse causes water shortages.  Identify ways that water can be conserved.

49. Does Water Cost More Than Gasoline?  How much is a liter bottle of water?  How much is a gallon of gas? Multiple the cost of a gallon of gas by 0.26 to find the price of a liter of gas. Multiple the cost of a gallon of gas by 0.26 to find the price of a liter of gas.  Which is more expensive?  What does that tell you about the value of drinking water?

50. Causes of Water Shortages 1. Increasing world population Water is going to cities instead of farms. Water is going to cities instead of farms. 2. Drought: long period of abnormally low rainfall.

51. Causes of Water Shortages 3. Overuse Agriculture uses 2/3 (60%) of world’s available fresh water, but almost HALF of that (20 - 30% of world’s available fresh water) is lost to evaporation due to poor irrigation methods. Agriculture uses 2/3 (60%) of world’s available fresh water, but almost HALF of that (20 - 30% of world’s available fresh water) is lost to evaporation due to poor irrigation methods. Rivers, lakes and aquifers worldwide are being depleted. Rivers, lakes and aquifers worldwide are being depleted. Draining an aquifer can destroy it, so it can never be fully recharged.Draining an aquifer can destroy it, so it can never be fully recharged.

52. Water Usage Americans use an average of 168 liters per person each day. shower 21% water from the tap 12% bath 9% dish washing 3% toilet leaks 5% toilet flushes 29% washing machine 21%

53. Water Conservation  Conservation: action taken to protect and preserve the natural world. To conserve water means to use less. To conserve water means to use less.  Why worry? About 500,000,000 people (1/2 billion) in 31 countries currently face water shortages. About 500,000,000 people (1/2 billion) in 31 countries currently face water shortages. Predictions say that by the year 2025 the number of people without enough water will be 2,800,000,000 (2.8 billion) Predictions say that by the year 2025 the number of people without enough water will be 2,800,000,000 (2.8 billion)

54. Three Ways to Conserve Water 1. Use less Repair leaks Repair leaks Use low-flow toilets and showers Use low-flow toilets and showers Shorter showers Shorter showers Turn off water while brushing teeth Turn off water while brushing teeth

55. Biggest Water Waster   A leaking toilet can waste 15,000 gallons of water a month. To check if your toilet has a leak, place several drops of food coloring in the toilet tank. If the color seeps into the toilet bowl within 30 minutes without flushing, your toilet has a leak.   Recently installed toilets use 1.5 to 2 gallons per flush, if you have an older model it can be using up to 8 gallons per flush. Newer models cut total indoor water usage by 30%. And remember to avoid using the toilet as a trashcan.

56. Farmers Can Conserve  Farmers can use more efficient irrigation methods. Drip irrigation instead of spray or flood irrigation saves millions of gallons Drip irrigation instead of spray or flood irrigation saves millions of gallons

57. Three Ways to Conserve Water 2. Reuse Some cities use treated wastewater for landscaping Some cities use treated wastewater for landscaping Graywater systems in home Graywater systems in home 3. Recycle Use water again for the same purpose Use water again for the same purpose oEx. Industries can use cooling water more than once

58. Sometimes Water Use is an International Affair

59. International Water  Sometimes water (and pollution) is shared by several states and/or countries Can lead to tension or cooperation Can lead to tension or cooperation Ideas Ideas PipelinesPipelines Selling Great Lakes waterSelling Great Lakes water

60. New Sources of Fresh Water  Desalination (dee-SAL-ih-nay-shun) Process of removing salt from ocean water. Process of removing salt from ocean water. Cost FIVE times as much Cost FIVE times as much  Icebergs