1. “Stuff” of the Universe The Raw Materials for Planets, Rocks and Life

2. Matter & Energy

3. Phases of Matter Solid Gas Liquid Determined by temperature and pressure

4. Rock

5. Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Rocks Earth Living Things Biosphere

6. Atomic Structure What are atoms made of? ParticleCharge Weight (amu) Proton (p) +1 Electron (e) -~0 Neutron (n) 01

7. Atomic Structure

8. Atomic Number = Number of Protons Importance of Protons

9. Elements Iron Carbon Gold

10. Periodic Table of the Elements

11. Crust Whole Earth Oxygen(O)46.3 %29.5% Silicon (Si)28.2%15.2% Aluminum (Al)8.2%1.1% Iron (Fe)5.6%34.6% Calcium (Ca)4.1%1.1% Sodium (Na)2.4%0.6% Potassium (K)2.1%0.1% Magnesium (Mg)2.3%12.7% All others0.5%5.1% Abundance of the Elements (wt. %): Solid Earth

12. Abundance of the Elements (wt.%): Living Things Human AlfalfaBacteria Oxygen(O)62.8%77.9%73.7% Carbon (C)19.4%11.3%12.1% Hydrogen (H)9.3%8.7%9.9% Nitrogen (N)5.1%0.8%3.0% Phosphorous (P)0.6%0.7%0.6% Sulfur (S)0.6%0.1%0.3%

13. Atomic Weight = number of protons + neutrons Importance of Neutrons

14. Isotopes

15. Importance of Electrons Atoms vs. Ions (atomic weight = 23) Charge = 0 X

16. Importance of Electrons Positive Ions (atomic weight = 23) Charge = +1 Sodium Ion 10e

17. Importance of Electrons Ions (atomic weight = 18) Charge = 0 Chlorine 9e 9p 9n (atomic number = 9)

18. Importance of Electrons Negative Ions (atomic weight = 18) Charge = -1 Chlorine Ion 10e 9p 9n (atomic number = 9)