1. CHAPTER 6 Natural Resources For The Future

2. The Big Picture Introduction Introduction Economy Economy Agriculture Agriculture Fisheries Fisheries Mining Mining Forestry Forestry Water Water

3. INTRODUCTION A natural resource is anything found in nature that can be used by people. A natural resource is anything found in nature that can be used by people. Nature resources can be divided into three categories: Nature resources can be divided into three categories: Renewable Renewable Non-renewable Non-renewable Flow Flow

4. Renewable Resource Wild animals hunted for food. Wild animals hunted for food. Wild plants gathered as sources of food or grasses that feed livestock. Wild plants gathered as sources of food or grasses that feed livestock. Forests harvested for lumber and paper Forests harvested for lumber and paper Soil for producing agricultural crops. Soil for producing agricultural crops.

5. Non-renewable Resources Metallic minerals such as copper, iron, and aluminum. Non-metallic minerals such as diamonds, potash, sand and gravel. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

6. Flow Resources Water Water Wind Wind Sunlight Sunlight

7. Sustainable Resource System A sustainable resource system is one that will last into the future and one in which natural resources are not used up faster than that can either renew themselves, be recycled, or be replaced with other resources. A sustainable resource system is one that will last into the future and one in which natural resources are not used up faster than that can either renew themselves, be recycled, or be replaced with other resources.

8. ECONOMY Canada’s natural resources provides jobs for millions of Canadians through resource-related industries and exportation to other countries. Canada’s natural resources provides jobs for millions of Canadians through resource-related industries and exportation to other countries. The economic value can be billions of dollors and is measured through the gross domestic product(GDP). The economic value can be billions of dollors and is measured through the gross domestic product(GDP). The GDP measures the value of all goods and services produced within a country every year. The GDP measures the value of all goods and services produced within a country every year.

9. Valuing Resources Natural resources may also be valued for their ecological benefits, such as the ability of trees to produce oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Natural resources may also be valued for their ecological benefits, such as the ability of trees to produce oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Natural resources have aesthetic benefits. People find forests, the green open spaces of farmland, soil for growing plants, fresh water, wildlife and the Canadian wilderness beautiful and of great value to them, both physically and psychologically. Natural resources have aesthetic benefits. People find forests, the green open spaces of farmland, soil for growing plants, fresh water, wildlife and the Canadian wilderness beautiful and of great value to them, both physically and psychologically.

10. The Trade Off We need natural resources for many things, like jobs, food, clean air, etc. But if we use up the resources without thinking about future generations, then we become irresponsible. We need natural resources for many things, like jobs, food, clean air, etc. But if we use up the resources without thinking about future generations, then we become irresponsible. Governments are now trying to include ways to achieve sustainable development of natural resources in their decision-making. Governments are now trying to include ways to achieve sustainable development of natural resources in their decision-making.

11. Riding a wave of change Trends are changes that occur gradually within a society(example; music and fashion). Trends are changes that occur gradually within a society(example; music and fashion). Technology has sometimes been called a « a double-edged sword » because it can have both advantages and disadvantages. Technology has sometimes been called a « a double-edged sword » because it can have both advantages and disadvantages.

12. The Big Players Transnational corporations control most natural resource development. Transnational corporations control most natural resource development. Vale, based in Brazil, is one of these companies that controls Voisey’s Bay nickel and copper mining in Labrador and processing facilities in Long Harbour, Newfoundland, as well as other mines in Canada. Vale, based in Brazil, is one of these companies that controls Voisey’s Bay nickel and copper mining in Labrador and processing facilities in Long Harbour, Newfoundland, as well as other mines in Canada.

13. Sustainable Development When making a decision the relationship among the following factors are considered: When making a decision the relationship among the following factors are considered: Maintain a strong economy. Maintain a strong economy. Considering the needs of people in their communities. Considering the needs of people in their communities. Protection natural environment. Protection natural environment. Environmental assessment process has to be implemented before any new project is started. Environmental assessment process has to be implemented before any new project is started.

14. AGRICULTURE Agriculture generates 1.7% of Canada’s GDP and provide jobs to 1 in 86 Canadians. Agriculture generates 1.7% of Canada’s GDP and provide jobs to 1 in 86 Canadians. Although agriculture is considered to be a renewable resource, only 7% of total land area is arable(suitable for growing crops). Although agriculture is considered to be a renewable resource, only 7% of total land area is arable(suitable for growing crops).

15. Factors Affecting Agriculture Demands for products. Demands for products. Available transportation. Available transportation. Closeness to market. Closeness to market. Competition. Competition. Pricing on the world market. Pricing on the world market.

16. Challenges Farmers Face Natural hazards. Cost of fuel and equipment. Low crop prices. Competition from subsidized farmers. Competition from large corporations.

17. Farm Subsidies A subsidy is money given to farmers by the government to offset some of their cost, such as experience machinery or high fuel prices. A subsidy is money given to farmers by the government to offset some of their cost, such as experience machinery or high fuel prices. A subsidy paid to farmers in other countries helps them keep the price of their products low, and may put Canadians farmers at a disadvantage. A subsidy paid to farmers in other countries helps them keep the price of their products low, and may put Canadians farmers at a disadvantage.

18. Trends In Agriculture Changing demands. Changing demands. Changing technology. Changing technology. Fewer farms but larger farms. Fewer farms but larger farms. Increasing control by transnational corporation. Increasing control by transnational corporation. Increase in industrial agriculture known as factory farming. Increase in industrial agriculture known as factory farming.

19. Markets, Technology & Systems Society dictates what products farmer should grow. Society dictates what products farmer should grow. When people think of their health or the environment, they will choose products that are beneficial to their views. When people think of their health or the environment, they will choose products that are beneficial to their views. Technology can have a negative and a positive influence on agriculture. Technology can have a negative and a positive influence on agriculture. Negative affects like pesticides used in the 70’s affected the environment. Negative affects like pesticides used in the 70’s affected the environment. Positive affects allowed for more efficient farming, economically speaking. Positive affects allowed for more efficient farming, economically speaking.

20. Markets, Technology & Systems Agribusiness industry is when one company is involved in all aspects of getting the food from the farm to the table. Agribusiness industry is when one company is involved in all aspects of getting the food from the farm to the table. Factory farms is when large pig barns and beef feedlots house thousands of animals in a small, contained space. Factory farms is when large pig barns and beef feedlots house thousands of animals in a small, contained space. The food system includes farmers, processors, distributors, transportation, grocery stores, consumers, and corporations. The food system includes farmers, processors, distributors, transportation, grocery stores, consumers, and corporations.

21. Sustainable Agriculture Meets the needs of Canadians within its own country. Meets the needs of Canadians within its own country. Makes efficient use of fossil fuels. Makes efficient use of fossil fuels. Protects water, air and soil quality. Protects water, air and soil quality. Reduces the use of chemicals. Reduces the use of chemicals. Provides jobs and industry. Provides jobs and industry. Supports small farms and urban agriculture. Supports small farms and urban agriculture. Encourages positive contact between farmers and consumers. Encourages positive contact between farmers and consumers.

22. FISHERIES In 1992, the Canadian government place a moratorium on the cod fishery in NL. In 1992, the Canadian government place a moratorium on the cod fishery in NL. 20,000 Newfoundlanders and Labradorians are employed in the fishery. 20,000 Newfoundlanders and Labradorians are employed in the fishery. $942 million was the 2010 production. $942 million was the 2010 production.

23. Declining Fish Stocks 350,000 wild salmon return to spawn in the rivers of NS down from 1.5 million recorded in the 70’s. 350,000 wild salmon return to spawn in the rivers of NS down from 1.5 million recorded in the 70’s. Declining fish stocks for certain species have open markets for other species found in deep waters and aquaculture(fish farms). Declining fish stocks for certain species have open markets for other species found in deep waters and aquaculture(fish farms).

24. Background on Canada’s Fishery Fisheries refers to commercial fishing operations on ocean coasts and in freshwater lakes. Fisheries refers to commercial fishing operations on ocean coasts and in freshwater lakes. Best fishing areas are found in warm shallow water of the continental shelf(before the seabed drops off into deep waters), called fishing banks. Best fishing areas are found in warm shallow water of the continental shelf(before the seabed drops off into deep waters), called fishing banks.

25. Food Chain Pytoplankton Pytoplankton One-celled life One-celled life Zooplankton Zooplankton Small multi-celled life Small multi-celled life Small fish Small fish Big fish Big fish Mammals Mammals

26. Under The Sea Groundfish live along the bottom of the continental shelves. Groundfish live along the bottom of the continental shelves. Halibut, sole, haddock, pollock, and cod. Halibut, sole, haddock, pollock, and cod. Pelagic fish live in open ocean water. Pelagic fish live in open ocean water. Sardines, mackeral, herring, anchovies, tuna and salmon. Sardines, mackeral, herring, anchovies, tuna and salmon. Shellfish found along the ocean bottom. Shellfish found along the ocean bottom. Lobster, crab, oysters, scallops, and mussels. Lobster, crab, oysters, scallops, and mussels.

27. The Changing Fishery Fish are a renewable resource if managed properly. Fish are a renewable resource if managed properly. Many things have contributed to a negative impact on this resource. Many things have contributed to a negative impact on this resource. Overfishing(catching too many fish) Overfishing(catching too many fish) Destructive fishing practices(Bycatch – a species caught along with other marine animal because inappropriate netting is being used.) Destructive fishing practices(Bycatch – a species caught along with other marine animal because inappropriate netting is being used.) Misguided government policies(Quota – the amount of fish allowed to be caught dictated by the department of fisheries.) Misguided government policies(Quota – the amount of fish allowed to be caught dictated by the department of fisheries.) Improved technology Improved technology Global climate change Global climate change

28. Aquaculture(fish farming) Supporters Supporters Farmed just as healthy as wild. Farmed just as healthy as wild. Economy for coastal communities. Economy for coastal communities. Farmed provides food worldwide. Farmed provides food worldwide. Better access in maintaining equipment. Better access in maintaining equipment. More yield. More yield. Antibiotics are controllable. Antibiotics are controllable. Contaminants are contained. Contaminants are contained. Opponents Farmed contains more fat, therefore more toxins. Uneaten food and dead fish pollute natural habitat. Farmed are tightly packed into cages so diseases spread quickly. More sea lice on farms causing damage to wild. Antibiotics may be harmful to wild fish and human consumption. Farmed sometimes escape and affect wild marine life.

29. Sustainable Fishery Consumers educate themselves and choose species that are healthy. Consumers educate themselves and choose species that are healthy. Involve all stakeholders: Involve all stakeholders: Scientists Scientists Fishers Fishers Aboriginal peoples Aboriginal peoples Environmental groups Environmental groups

30. MINERALS(ORE) Non-metallic Potash is rich is potassium, used for fertilizer, soap, animal food, medicines and water softener. Metallic Ore found in igneous rock, such as, iron, nickel, copper, etc., used for steel, pots, wiring, etc. Fuel Fossils found in sedimentary rock, such as, coal, oil and natural gas, used heating, gasoline and plastics.

31. Towns And The Economy Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Quebec produced 80% of Canada’s minerals. Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Quebec produced 80% of Canada’s minerals. Newfoundland and Labrador’s mining industry provides 8.6% of the provinces’ GDP. Newfoundland and Labrador’s mining industry provides 8.6% of the provinces’ GDP. Nunavut is a prime location for future production of gold, diamonds and other base metals. Nunavut is a prime location for future production of gold, diamonds and other base metals. When communities use out this non-renewable resource, they diversify, opening recreational activities or retirement villages. When communities use out this non-renewable resource, they diversify, opening recreational activities or retirement villages.

32. Global Connections Canada leads in the production of uranium and is one of top five in gold, aluminum, zinc, platinum, and salt. Canada leads in the production of uranium and is one of top five in gold, aluminum, zinc, platinum, and salt. Recent exploration have placed Canada fifth in diamond production. Recent exploration have placed Canada fifth in diamond production.

33. Mineral Trade In 2010, Canada exported $85 billion to 130 countries and imported $67 billion. In 2010, Canada exported $85 billion to 130 countries and imported $67 billion. The difference between imports and exports is called balance of trade. The difference between imports and exports is called balance of trade. Minerals are non-renewable and have a negative impact on natural environments. Minerals are non-renewable and have a negative impact on natural environments.

34. Environmental Impact On Mining Exploring for minerals: Exploring for minerals: Infrastructure damages the natural systems. Infrastructure damages the natural systems. Developing the mine: Developing the mine: Infrastructure removes vegetation causing soil erosion and harms the biosphere. Infrastructure removes vegetation causing soil erosion and harms the biosphere. Extracting the ore: Extracting the ore: Blasting and chemicals harms hydrosphere and biosphere. Blasting and chemicals harms hydrosphere and biosphere. Processing the minerals: Processing the minerals: Slag(molten waste material), tailings(ground-up rock) and acid rain(particles of sulphur and nitrogen) pollutes atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Slag(molten waste material), tailings(ground-up rock) and acid rain(particles of sulphur and nitrogen) pollutes atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Closing the mine: Closing the mine: Tailings and chemicals leak into groundwater. Tailings and chemicals leak into groundwater.

35. Acid Rain Acid rain includes rain, fog, and snow. Acid rain includes rain, fog, and snow. Produced by refining & smelting industries, which separate metallic minerals. Produced by refining & smelting industries, which separate metallic minerals.

36. FORESTRY 57% of the total forested area is considered commercial forest. 57% of the total forested area is considered commercial forest. These forest produce marketable product known as timber. These forest produce marketable product known as timber. Forest change on a continual cycle of growth, death and renewal. Forest change on a continual cycle of growth, death and renewal.

37. Complex Nature Systems 300 communities in Canada provide 195,000 jobs. 5,500 Newfoundlanders and Labradorians work in the forestry industry. Canada exports $24 billion each year.

38. Ecological Values Reduces soil erosion. Reduces soil erosion. Recycle water. Recycle water. Control water flow. Control water flow. Act as a huge air filter. Act as a huge air filter. Carbon Sinks(storing carbon that would contribute to global warming. Carbon Sinks(storing carbon that would contribute to global warming.

39. Harvesting Methods Clear-cutting – completely clearing a large area. Clear-cutting – completely clearing a large area. Strip Logging – clearing long strips of land. Strip Logging – clearing long strips of land. Shelterwood Cutting – older trees are cutting leaving younger trees to grow. Shelterwood Cutting – older trees are cutting leaving younger trees to grow. Selection Cutting – clearing a type of tree from an area. Selection Cutting – clearing a type of tree from an area.

40. WATER Water is used for drinking, agriculture, industry, energy and recreation. Water is used for drinking, agriculture, industry, energy and recreation. North Americans use over 350 litres of water every day. North Americans use over 350 litres of water every day. Europeans use about 200 litres of water every day. Europeans use about 200 litres of water every day. Sub-Saharan Africans use less than 10 litres of water every day. Sub-Saharan Africans use less than 10 litres of water every day.

41. Views about water Commons refers to those natural resources that belong to everyone: Commons refers to those natural resources that belong to everyone: air that you breathe. air that you breathe. the oceans. the oceans. wild fish. wild fish. shared surface waters in lakes and rivers. shared surface waters in lakes and rivers. Should fresh drinking water be one of the commons or a commodity(economic resource to be bought and sold)? Should fresh drinking water be one of the commons or a commodity(economic resource to be bought and sold)?

42. Canada’s water and wetlands Canada has 0.5% of the world’s population and 20% of the fresh water. Canada has 0.5% of the world’s population and 20% of the fresh water. 50% of Canada’s water flows into the Arctic and is unavailable for southern ecozone. 50% of Canada’s water flows into the Arctic and is unavailable for southern ecozone. Canada has 25% of the world’s total wetlands(water in a marsh, swamp, or fen(standing or flowing 2-6 metres in depth) Canada has 25% of the world’s total wetlands(water in a marsh, swamp, or fen(standing or flowing 2-6 metres in depth) Wetlands clean water by filtering out sediments and pollution. Wetlands clean water by filtering out sediments and pollution.

43. Global Connections There is a water shortage due to drought or comtimination. There is a water shortage due to drought or comtimination. More than a billion people have no access to fresh water and 80% of illnesses are related to lack of water. More than a billion people have no access to fresh water and 80% of illnesses are related to lack of water. United Nations suggest 50 litres of water per person per day. United Nations suggest 50 litres of water per person per day.

44. Diverting Water Water diversion is the rerouting of water from one drainage basin to another. Privatization of water means a corporation owns water supplies whose main purpose is to make a profit.

45. Groundwater Contamination Groundwater is held in soil and rocks that are located under the surface of the Earth, and it is naturally filtered by several layers of sand and gravel, which help to clean it. Groundwater is held in soil and rocks that are located under the surface of the Earth, and it is naturally filtered by several layers of sand and gravel, which help to clean it.