1. The Human Body
Chapter 1

2. Human Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: The study of body structures and their relationships
Static within a species
Physiology: The study of the functions of body structures
Dynamic within a species

3. Subdivision Examples Anatomy Physiology Gross anatomy
Regional
Systemic
Surface
Microscopic anatomy
Cytology
Histology
Embryology
Developmental anatomy
Others
Neurophysiology
Pathophysiology
Cardiovascular physiology
Renal Physiology
Others

4. Life is an Emergent Property
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Listed in fig 1.3
Organismal level

5. Organ Systems ORGAN SYSTEM COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS Integumentary
Skin, hair, nails
Protection
Skeletal
Bones
Support/movement
Nervous
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
Control and communication
Muscular
Muscles
Movement
Endocrine
Hormones and associated glands
Homeostasis
Cardiovascular
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Transport of substances
Lymphatic
Lymph vessels and lymph nodes
Transport, immunity
Respiratory
Nose, trachea, lungs
Transport of gases
Digestive
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
Energy acquisition and food processing
Urinary
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Water balance
Reproduction
Gonads
Propagation

6. Life’s Essentials Maintain boundaries Move Respond to environment
Digestion
Excretion
Metabolism
Reproduce
Grow

7. Survival Essentials Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal body temperature
Fuel for the cells
Building materials
Oxygen
Release energy from nutrients
Water
Facilitates reactions and excretions/secretions
Normal body temperature
Regulate metabolic reactions
Atmospheric pressure
Corresponds with gas exchange w/i cells
Adequate amounts, not just presence maintains a healthy state

8. Homeostasis Dynamic state of equilibrium 3 components
Receptor (afferent)
Control center (set point)
Effector (efferent)
Imbalance causes illness & disease
Increase with age
Disruptions in feedback

9. Feedback Negative Positive Most homeostatic mechanisms
Turn off or slow original stimuli
Stabilizes
Body temperature, heart and breathing rate, & blood glucose
Positive
Increases the original stimuli
Oxytocin (labor) and blood clotting

10. Anatomical Language

11. Anatomical Position
Standing tall with upper limbs at sides and face, palms and toes forward
Reference position when describing body part locations
Left and right is specimen’s
Variations for bipeds and quadrupeds

12. Anatomical Regions to Know

13. Anatomical Directions to Know
Superior/ inferior
Cranial/caudal
Ventral/ dorsal
Anterior/ posterior
Medial/ lateral
Intermediate/ proximal/ distal
Superficial/ deep
External/ internal
Supine/ prone
Ipsilateral/ contralateral
Study tip: pick two structures on self and describe as many ways as possible

14. Body Planes are Like Breads
Frontal (coronal) section: divides anterior and posterior
e.g.: loaf of bread
Sagittal section: divides the body longitudinally into left and right
Midsagittal: equal parts
Parasagittal: off midline
e.g.: hotdog bun
Transverse (cross) section: divides superior and inferior
e.g.: hamburger bun or bagel
Oblique section: diagonal cuts

15. Body Cavities Dorsal Ventral Cranial: brain Vertebral: spinal cord
Thoracic
Left & right pleura
Mediastinum (pericardial)
Abdominopelvic
No real separation
Protection differences
Diaphragm divides

16. Serous Membranes Double-layer membrane separated by serous fluid
Reduces friction; lubricates
Line walls and organs of ventral body cavities
Parietal serosa lines walls
Visceral serosa lines organs (viscera)
Named for associated organs
Never exposed to external environment

17. Other Body Cavities
Open to environment (generally)

18. Abdominopelvic Subdivisions
Regions (9)
Quadrants (4)
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Hypochondriac
Lumbar
Inguinal
Anatomists use; references location and orientation of internal organs
Clinicians use; references to describe pain, tenderness, and injuries