1. Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology Disruptive students will be dissected.

2. Anatomy vs. Physiology Study of the structures of the body The study of how the body works.

3. Anatomy vs. Physiology Study of the structures of the body –Includes study of cells, tissues, organs and gross anatomy. The study of how the body works. –Often specialized by system.

4. Structure and function The way a structure is built is directly related to way it operates Examples: --Muscle cellsNeurons --Villi Arteries --HandEye

5. Levels of Organization

6. Systems Can you name 11 body systems?

7. Systems (Can you name 11 body systems?) 1.Integumentary 2.Skeletal 3.Muscular 4.Nervous 5.Endocrine 6.Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive

8. Characteristics of living things

9. (Yeah, I know. You studied this already in biology. Study it again.)

10. Characteristics of living things All human bodies show: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

11. Characteristics of living things All human bodies show: 1.Maintaining boundaries 2.Movement 3.Responsiveness 4.Digestion 5.Metabolism 6.Excretion 7.Reproduction 8.Growth

12. Homeostasis The process of maintaining stable body conditions regardless of the changes in the outside world. –What are 2 examples of homeostasis?

13. Homeostasis The process of maintaining stable body conditions. –Ex.// sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature. –Hunger encourages you to eat.

14. Negative feedback

15. Sensor Effector If the stimulus is too high If the stimulus is too low Response lowers it Response raises it Negative feedback

16. Positive feedback When a stimulus causes a response to increase. Ex.// blood clotting

17. The human body

18. The Anatomical Position Can you describe this anatomical position?

19. The Anatomical Position Standing Head facing forward Arms at sides Palms facing forward, thumbs out Feet shoulder length apart Feet flat

20. Directions We use Latin adjectives to describe directions in the body

21. Directions Lateral/medial Anterior/posterior (ventral/ dorsal) Superior/inferior Proximal/distal Superficial/profound (deep) (cephalic or cranial /caudal—used more with 4-footed animals)

22. Directions

23. Anterior Abdominal Antecubital Axillary Brachial Carpal Cervical CruralDigital Femoral Inguinal FacialPatellar PectoralPubic Sternal Tarsal Thoracic Umbilical Posterior Deltoid Gluteal Lumbar Occipital PlantarPopliteal SacralScapular Vertebral Body Regions

24. Sections Frontal Section Cross Section Sagittal Section

25. Sections (cont’d) …OR they might be labeled… Median = midsaggital Frontal = coronal Cross section = transverse

26. Sections Coronal Section Transverse Section Median Section

27. There are a lot of organs in the abdominal region. You may use either a 4 quadrant system or a 9 region system to describe the locations

28. 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants

29. Right Side Remember: The subject is facing you! Left Side

30. Translation Guide epigastric hypogastric hypochondriac “above” “stomach” “below” “cartilage” (referring to the lower ribs) Nine-region system

31. 9 Abdominopelvic Regions Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and left iliac or inguinal Right and left lumbar Right and left hypochondriac Figure 1–7b

32. 9 Abdominopelvic Regions Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and left iliac or inguinal Right and left lumbar Right and left hypochondriac Figure 1–7b

33. 9 Abdominopelvic Regions Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and left iliac or inguinal Right and left lumbar Right and left hypochondriac Figure 1–7b

34. 9 Abdominopelvic Regions Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and left iliac or inguinal Right and left lumbar Right and left hypochondriac Figure 1–7b

35. 9 Abdominopelvic Regions Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and left iliac or inguinal Right and left lumbar Right and left hypochondriac Figure 1–7b

36. 9 Abdominopelvic Regions Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and left iliac or inguinal Right and left lumbar Right and left hypochondriac Figure 1–7b

37. Cavities Body cavity is a space in the body lined with a membrane

38. Cavities Two types: 1.Dorsal 1.Spinal 2.Cranial 2.Ventral 1.Thoracic (includes mediastinum) 2.Abdominal (or abdominopelvic)

39. Cavities Two types: 1.Dorsal 1.Spinal 2.Cranial 2.Ventral 1.Thoracic (includes mediastinum) 2.Abdominal (or abdominopelvic) Lined with membranes called meninges Membranes are called pleura Membranes are called peritoneum

40. Cavities Two types: 1.Dorsal 1.Spinal 2.Cranial 2.Ventral 1.Thoracic (includes mediastinum) 2.Abdominal (or abdominopelvic) Contains the brain and spinal cord Contains lung and heart Contains digestive organs, among others

41. Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1–7c

42. Open Body Cavities 1.Oral and digestive (separated by sphincters, not membranes). 2.Nasal cavity 3.Orbital cavities 4.Middle ear cavities These are about the only places the body can be infected unless the skin is damaged