1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation: Part B

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Position Standard anatomical body position: Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a Cervical (a) Anterior/Ventral Pubic (genital) Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Thoracic Axillary Mammary Sternal Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Palmar Pollex Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum)

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Regional Terms Two major divisions of body: Axial Head, neck, and trunk Appendicular Limbs Regional terms designate specific areas

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a Cervical (a) Anterior/Ventral Pubic (genital) Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Thoracic Axillary Mammary Sternal Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Palmar Pollex Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum)

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7b Cervical Back (dorsal) (b) Posterior/Dorsal Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Manus (hand) Metacarpal Digital Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum)

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Planes Plane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Planes Sagittal plane Divides body vertically into right and left parts Produces a sagittal section Midsagittal (median) plane Lies on midline Parasagittal plane Not on midline

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Planes Frontal (coronal) plane Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts Transverse (horizontal) plane Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts Produces a cross section Oblique section Cuts made diagonally

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8 Transverse plane Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal plane Liver Spleen Pancreas Aorta Vertebral column Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer Body wall Rectum Intestines Left and right lungs LiverHeart Stomach Spleen Arm (a) Frontal section (through torso) (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) (c) Median section (midsagittal)

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Variability Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place Small muscles may be missing

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Cavities Dorsal cavity Protects nervous system Two subdivisions: Cranial cavity Encases brain Vertebral cavity Encases spinal cord

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Cavities Ventral cavity Houses internal organs (viscera) Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm): Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Cranial cavity Superior mediastinum Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Pleural cavity Vertebral cavity Abdomino- pelvic cavity Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) (a) Lateral view(b) Anterior view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventral Body Cavities Thoracic cavity subdivisions: Two pleural cavities Each houses a lung Mediastinum Contains pericardial cavity Surrounds thoracic organs Pericardial cavity Encloses heart

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventral Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions: Abdominal cavity Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver Pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Cranial cavity Superior mediastinum Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Pleural cavity Vertebral cavity Abdomino- pelvic cavity Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) (a) Lateral view(b) Anterior view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Serous Membrane (Serosa) Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid Parietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a-b Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (b) The serosae associated with the heart.

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Abdominopelvic Regions Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11 Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Abdominopelvic Quadrants Divisions used primarily by medical personnel

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12 Epigastric region Umbilical region Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Hypogastric (pubic) region Right iliac (inguinal) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Appendix Cecum Diaphragm Stomach Descending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities