1. LECTURE 1 Introduction to Anatomy

2. Methods & Types of Anatomy 1. Microscopic: with magnification a. cytology: internal structure of cells “cyto” = cell “ology” = study of b. histology: study of tissues 2. Developmental: changes in form between conception and maturity -both microscopic and gross anatomy -early months = “embryology”

3. Methods & Types of Anatomy 3. Comparative: anatomical organization of different animal types -may reflect evolutionary relationships or divergence e.g. vertebrates - share several characteristics found in Phylum Chordata

4. 4. Gross: visible to unaided eye -approaches: a) surface b) regional - superficial + internal structures within a defined area of the body c) systemic - structure of major organ systems as a whole -organs function together to produce coordinated effects

5. 11 organ systems 1. skeletal 2. articular 3. muscular 4. digestive 5. respiratory 6. urinary 7. reproductive 8. circulatory 9. nervous 10. integumentary 11. endocrine

6. Regional Anatomy: the abdomen and pelvis -division of abdominopelvic region into 4 quadrants

7. -however - can divide further into 9 abdominopelvic regions

8. Organizational Levels 1. Atomic – elemental composition: 4 major elements within the body- C, N, O and H (99% of the total number of atoms within the body)

9. Organizational Levels 2) Molecular - molecular composition of the body using these atoms - 67% of our bodies is water

10. 3. Cellular level 4. Tissue level 5. Organismal level: reflects interactions among organ systems -when functioning normally the internal environment is relatively stable at all levels (i.e. cellular, tissue etc...) -this state is known as “homeostasis” “homeo” = unchanging “stasis” = standing -each level is related -e.g. changes in chemical level may affect the activity of the cell which in turn affects the tissue etc.... Organizational Levels

11. Language of Anatomy Anatomical landmarks: -anatomical position: erect -lying down face up = supine -lying down face down = prone ****all landmarks must be considered with respect to anatomical position****

14. Anatomical directions

15. Anatomical Planes & Sections -transverse plane: right angles to the long axis of the body at the umbilicus -divides into superior & inferior sections -any section along this plane = transverse section

16. -frontal or coronal plane: parallel to the long axis -divides into anterior and posterior regions -any section along this plane = coronal section

17. -sagittal plane: parallel to the long axis -divides into right and left regions -any section along this plane = sagittal section -into even R & L halves = midsagittal section

19. Body Cavities: