1. Chapter 22 Respiratory System Lecture 7
Marieb’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Marieb w Hoehn
Chapter 22
Respiratory System
Lecture 7
Slides 1-15; 80 min (with review of syllabus and Web sites) [Lecture 1]
Slides 16 – 38; 50 min [Lecture 2]
118 min (38 slides plus review of course Web sites and syllabus)

2. Lecture Overview Overview of respiration Functions of breathing
Organs of the respiratory system
Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs

3. Respiratory System
Respiration (in the respiratory system) is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells. It consists of the following events (in the order you should know):
*pulmonary ventilation
*external respiration
transport
internal respiration
cellular respiration
Functions of the respiratory system
We breathe: 1. To provide O2 for cellular respiration and To rid our bodies of CO2 (waste gas)

4. Other Functions of the Respiratory System
Speech and vocalization
Provides scaffold for sense of smell
Control of pH
Helps produce angiotensin II
Movement of blood and lymph
Useful in urination, defecation, and childbirth

5. Organs of the Respiratory System
Upper respiratory tract – nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx (larynx – some texts)
Lower respiratory tract – larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
Conducting portion carries air; nose to the terminal bronchioles
Respiratory portion exchanges gases; respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
‘ynx’ pronounced like ‘inks’

6. Location of Lungs Apex Base
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Apex
Base

7. Upper Respiratory Tract
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Nasal cavity and turbinates warm and humidify the air before it goes into the lower respiratory passages.
What types of epithelium would you expect to find? Why?

8. Anatomy of the Nasal Region
Figures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007
The nose: 1) warms, 2) cleans, and 3) humidifies air

9. Please don’t do this!

10. Paranasal Sinuses
Mucus membrane-lined, air-filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones that drain into the nasal cavity
Sinuses:
Reduce skull weight
Serve as resonating chambers
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

11. Mucous in Respiratory Tract
Respiratory mucosa lines the conducting passageways and is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying air.
Cilia move mucus and trapped particles from the nasal cavity (>10 µm) to the pharynx, and lower respiratory tract (1-5 µm) to pharynx
Upper respiratory removal is essentially 100% for particles 10 um and larger and approximately 80% at 5 um. It drops progressively with further reduction in size and approaches zero at 1 to 2 um.
The Mucus Escalator
Irritation of any sort greatly increases mucus production

12. Larynx (Voice Box) Larynx C4-C5 (Laryngeal prominence; Adam’s Apple)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
C4-C5
(Laryngeal prominence; Adam’s Apple)
Larynx C6
Hyaline cartilage
anterior
Elastic cartilage
Larynx: 1) provides patent airway 2) switching mech for food and air 3) voice production (vocal cords)
posterior

13. Larynx Vestibular folds
Protective
Sound
Covered by folds of laryngeal epithelium that project into glottis
Vocal folds (cords)
Vestibular folds
Inelastic
Elastic
Posterior
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

14. Larynx Coronal section, posterior view
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Glottis = vocal folds + the opening between them
Coronal section, posterior view

15. Vocal Folds (Cords)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Sound originates in vocal folds (cords) but is modified to create recognizable speech by:
Pharynx - Mouth - Nasal cavity - Sinuses
Posterior
Closed
Open
Posterior
Pitch of sound: diameter, length, and tension of vocal folds. Diameter and length are fixed; tension is controlled by voluntary muscles.

16. Movement of the Vocal Folds
Speech
Inhalation
Figures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007

17. Trachea & Primary Bronchi
Posterior
Note that the trachea is anterior to the esophagus
(T5)
(T6)
Anterior
C-rings of cartilage: incomplete rings completed posteriorly by trachealis muscle keep trachea open (patent)
Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

18. Try not to inhale seeds!! The growing tree!!

19. Tracheotomy / Tracheostomy
Performed to allow air to bypass an obstruction within the larynx
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

20. The Lungs
3 lobes
2 lobes
Note that the number of secondary bronchi = number of lung lobes
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

21. Transverse Section of Lungs
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Note that the pleural space is a ‘potential’ space and under a vacuum

22. The Bronchial Tree From 1 to > 65,000 branches!!
How many levels of branching would that be? 
Figure from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007

23. Bronchial Tree
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

24. Bronchial Tree Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar structures Trachea
(No cartilage, few/no smooth muscle)
(Cartilage + smooth muscle)
(Smooth muscle)
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar structures
Primary
Secondary (lobar)
Tertiary (segmental)
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Intralobular
Terminal
Respiratory
Trachea
Which parts here constitute the conducting portion of the respiratory tree?
Know this chart

25. Bronchial Tree
Carina
Bronchi - Primary; w/ blood vessels - Secondary (lobar); two on left, three on right - Tertiary (segmental); supplies a broncho- pulmonary segment; 10 on right, 8 on left
Bronchioles - Intralobular; supply lobules, the basic unit of lung - Terminal; per lobule - Respiratory; a few air sacs budding from theses
Bronchioles are to the respiratory system what arterioles are to the circulatory system
Intralobular
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

26. Lobules of the Lung
The Lobule is the basic unit of structure and function in the lung
(Intralobular)
Terminal and respiratory bronchioles are lined with cuboidal epithelium, few cilia, and no goblet cells
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

27. Alveoli
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

28. Alveoli
Septal (Type II) cells produce surfactant to keep the walls of the alveoli from collapsing

29. Review Respiration We breathe Organs of the respiratory tract
The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the body
Made up of five events
We breathe
To take in O2
To eliminate CO2
Organs of the respiratory tract
Upper; nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx
Lower; larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

30. Review Functions of the nose/nasal cavity Sinuses Pharynx
Warm and humidify air
Trap particulate matter
Sinuses
Mucous-lined, air filled cavities; communicate with nasal cavity
Lighten skull and provide resonating chamber
Pharynx
Back of mouth (throat)
Passage of food/air; aids in speech

31. Review Respiration We breathe Organs of the respiratory tract
The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the body
Made up of five events
We breathe
To take in O2
To eliminate CO2
Organs of the respiratory tract
Upper; nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx
Lower; larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

32. Review Functions of the nose/nasal cavity Sinuses Pharynx
Warm and humidify air
Trap particulate matter
Sinuses
Mucous-lined, air filled cavities; communicate with nasal cavity
Lighten skull and provide resonating chamber
Pharynx
Back of mouth (throat)
Passage of food/air; aids in speech

33. Review Larynx (voice box) Trachea Bronchial Tree
Cartilaginous structure
Passageway for air entering trachea
Keeps foreign objects out of trachea
Contains vocal cords (folds) for speech (to what ligament does the arytenoid cartilage attach)
Trachea
Air passage with cartilaginous rings; trachealis
Cartilage prevents collapse
Bronchial Tree
Bronchi (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)
Bronchioles (Intralobular, terminal, respiratory)
Alveolar structures (ducts, sacs, alveoli)

34. Review Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar structures
Cartilage and smooth muscle
Primary; divisions of trachea; extrapulmonary
Secondary; lobar – 2 on left, 3 on right
Tertiary; segmental
Bronchioles
Smooth muscle mainly
Intralobular; supply structural unit of lung (lobule)
Terminal; per secondary lobule
Respiratory; have air sac budding off
Alveolar structures
Neither smooth muscle nor cartilage
Ducts, sacs, alveoli
Highly vascular; site of gas exchange (O2, CO2)

35. Bronchial Tree Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar structures Trachea
(No cartilage, few/no smooth muscle)
(Cartilage + smooth muscle)
(Smooth muscle)
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar structures
Primary
Secondary (lobar)
Tertiary (segmental)
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Intralobular
Terminal
Respiratory
Trachea
Which are conducting, which are respiratory?

36. Review Lungs Right and left separated by heart and mediastinum
Surrounded by pleura separated by pleural cavity
Hilum is area where respiratory tubes and blood vessels pass
Left lung has two lobes (with cardiac notch)
Right lung has three lobes
Lobules
Formed by connective tissue division of lobes
Basic structural and functional units of lung
Contain terminal bronchioles, alveolar structures, nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics