1. Class 2 Nervous System, cont. Spinal Cord Brain

2. Development of the Brain and Spinal Cord

4. Repair of Neurons PNS Slow and/or non-existent Cell body can’t be damaged Axon must be able to find Schwann cells CNS Rare Non-ideal environment Some evidence in laboratories

5. Protective Coverings of the Central Nervous System Bone: hard, fibrous tissue Skull and Spinal Column

6. Meninges of the brain Subdural space Skull Pia mater Dura mater Arachnoid mater Cerebrum: Gray matter White matter Subarachnoid space

7. Cerebrospinal spinal fluid Protective Coverings of the Central Nervous System Meninges

8. Cerebrospinal Fluid Clear fluid found in and around the brain and spinal cord Formed by choroid plexus in ventricles Absorbed into bloodstream by arachnoid villi CSF provides these functions: – Buoyancy – Protection – Chemical stability

10. Spinal Cord

12. Gray Matter and White Matter

13. The Brain

14. Cerebrum (The “Higher” Brain) Left and Right Hemispheres separated by the Corpus Callosum bridge of neurons that allow hemispheres to communicate. Surface Convolutions: Gyrus a ridge, ie. Central Gyrus Sulcus a shallow groove Fissures a deep groove, ie. Longitudinal Fissure and Transverse Fissure

16. Cerebrum 4 Lobes: Frontal Reasoning, Long-Term Memory, Analysis, Movement, Temporal Speech, Memory, Hearing Parietal Integration of Sensation Occipital Visual processing center

17. Note: Corpus callosum Cerebrum

18. Cross Section (Gross) Coronal Section (MRI Study)

19. White matter tracts Cerebrum

20. Basal Nuclei (aka. Basal Ganglia)

21. Functions: Conscious Awareness Reasoning Memory Interpretation of Senses Initiates Voluntary Motor Responses Functionally Divided: Sensory Areas Cortex of Parietal Lobe Motor Areas Cortex of Frontal Lobe Association Areas Cortex of all Lobes Cerebrum

22. Hemisphere Communication and Lateralization

23. Basal Nuclei (aka. Basal ganglia)

24. Basal Nuclei (aka. Basal Ganglia)

25. Diencephalon Thalamus Relay station of sensory input except for sense of smell Hypothalamus regulates autonomic function and major link between the nervous and endocrine systems Epithalamus CSF is made here. The Pineal gland Creates hormone melatonin.

26. Limbic System

27. Includes centers for both gratification and aversion – gratification – sensations of pleasure or reward – aversion – sensations of fear or sorrow Corpus callosum Olfactory bulb Hypothalamus Cingulate gyrus Amygdala Hippocampus Thalamic Nuclei

28. Brain Stem

29. Midbrain – The midbrain connects the diencephalon to the pons – CN’s III and IV Pons – Connects cerebrum to the cerebellum – Connects midbrain to medulla – CN’s V, VI, VII Medulla – Connects brain to spinal cord – Regulates basic body functions – CN’s VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

31. Cerebellum Function: Involved with vestibular and eye movement functions Controls proprioception related to muscle tone Fine tunes and coordinates movements

32. Thank goodness!!!