1. Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface

2. Lateral Sulcus (Sylvian Fissure) separates the frontal and temporal lobes note: both “fissure” and “sulcus” are used

3. Central,Precentral & Postcentral sulci Boundary between primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) and primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

4. Precentral/Postcentral gyri precentral gyrus - primary motor cortex postcentral gyrus - primary somatosensory cortex

5. Frontal gyri note: parts of inferior frontal gyrus (orbital, triangular, opercular) triangular + opercular = Broca’s area (center for expressive speech)

6. Temporal sulci

7. Temporal inferior sulcus

8. Temporal gyri

9. Temporal lobe (superior aspect) transverse temporal gyri also shown

10. Insula (coronal) also known as “insular cortex” the insula is an area of cortex (including sulci and gyri)

11. Insula (horizontal) note: the insula is hidden deep inside the sylvian fissure

12. Insula (temporal removed) In a gross brain,you can only locate the insula by removing the temporal

13. Transverse temporal gyrus “Heschel’s gyrus;”are the primary auditory cortex lies inside the sylvian fissure runs perpendicular to the superior temporal gyrus (which runs the length of the temporal lobes)

14. Supramarginal gyrus to locate, trace the sylvian fissure posteriorly to its termination

15. Angular gyrus to locate, trace the superior temporal sulcus posteriorly to its termination

16. Superior parietal lobule

17. Superior parietal lobule (lateral view)

18. Superior parietal lobule & Intraparietal sulcus separates the inferior and superior parietal lobules note: angular + supramarginal gyri form the inferior parietal lobule

19. Lateral Overview

20. Coronal Overview

21. Neuroscience External Features - Medial Surface

22. Corpus callosum is a massive body of white matter pathways that interconnect the left and right hemispheres 4 parts (ant -> post) : rostrum, genu, body & splenium

23. Fornix white matter pathway that forms the output of the hippocampal formation in the medial temporal lobes (crucial part of limbic system) arcs down underneath the corpus callosum fornix is bilaterally represented (join @ midline)

24. Anterior Commissure white matter pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres MUCH smaller than the corpus callosum to locate, follow the arc of the fornix

25. Paracentral lobule the medial continuation of precentral and postcentral gyri

26. Cingulate gyrus and sulcus the gyrus that sits just superior to the corpus callosum important part of the limbic system (similar to fornix)

27. Parietooccipital fissure (or sulcus) from this aspect (the medial) is the only way you can see this separation of the occipital and parietal lobes by a clear, deep parietooccipital fissure; the lateral aspect shows no clear boundary

28. Calcarine sulcus its banks form the primary cortex cuneus - the portion of medial occipital lobe superior to the calcarine sulcus lingual gyrus - below the calcarine sulcus; resembles a tongue

29. Medial Overview

30. Neuroscience External Features - Ventral Surface

31. Gyrus rectus(straight gyrus) medial view

32. Gyrus rectus(straight gyrus) ventral view

33. Orbital gyri sits just above the orbits of the eyes this cortex is crucial to higher level behavioral regulation

34. Parahippocampal gyrus the medial most aspect of the inferior temporal lobe contains the hippocampal formation runs continuously with the cingulate gyrus important part of the limbic system

35. Parahippocampal gyrus (medial view)

36. Occipitotemporal gyrus (ventral view) located between the hippocampal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus note: not responsible for medial and lateral distinctions

37. Occipitotemporal gyrus (medial view)

38. Collateral sulcus separates the parahippocampal gyrus and the occipitotemporal gyrus

39. Uncus (ventral view) the medial “protrusion” of the temporal lobe

40. Uncus (medial view)

41. Ventral Overview

42. Neuroscience Arteries

43. Circle of Willis Internal carotid artery Middle cerebral artery Anterior cerebral artery Posterior cerebral artery Anterior/posterior communicating artery Superior cerebellar artery Anterior/posterior cerebellar artery (AICA & PICA) Vertebral artery Basilar artery

44. Neuroscience Ventricles and Miscellaneous Structures

45. Lateral ventricles

46. Septum Pellucidum thin membrane separating the lateral ventricles

47. Interventricular foramen of Monroe

48. Third ventricle is not specifically labeled, but is surrounding the thalamus

49. Cerebral aqueduct

50. Fourth ventricle (medial view) note: cerebellum removed

51. Fourth ventricle (close-up)

52. Foramen of Magendie the “median apertures”

53. Foramina of Luschka the “lateral apertures” atlas does not have this structure labeled, just know its approximate location & that is has two lateral aperatures

54. Choroid plexus produces CSF can be found in ALL of the ventricles most is found in the lateral ventricles

55. Pineal body

56. Infundibulum (Pituitary stalk) Note the relationship to the optic chiasm

57. Optic chiasm (medial view)

58. Optic chiasm (ventral view)

59. Optic tract

60. Neuroscience Diencephalon & Brain Stem

61. Hypothalamus

62. Mammilary Bodies (medial view) Mammilary bodies are technically nuclei of the hypothalamus have specific functional significance as part of the limbic system

63. Mammilary Bodies (ventral view)

64. Thalamus note: the thalami “touch” at the midline (but are not functionally interconnected) this point of contact is called the “massa intermedia” and it accounts for the ring-shape of the third ventricle

65. Midbrain note: the tectum and tegmentum are labeled separately (not important for now)

66. Cerebral peduncles (ventral view) part of the midbrain are the big “columns” of white matter pathways that support the cerebral hemispheres

67. Cerebral peduncles (anterolateral view)

68. Corpora quadrigemina (medial view) (includes superior and inferior colliculi)

69. Corpora quadrigemina (close-up)

70. Pons (ventral view)

71. Pons (medial view)

72. Medulla

73. Pyramids (ventral view) part of the medulla

74. Pyramids (anterolateral view)

75. Inferior Olive (ventral view) part of the medulla

76. Inferior Olive (anterolateral view)

77. Neuroscience Coronal Sections (9)

78. Slices 1-9

79. Structures you are responsible for knowing in coronal sections:  Corpus Callosum  Cingulate gyrus  Lateral ventricles  3 rd Ventricle  4 th Ventricle  Septum Pellucidum  Caudate nucleus (head, body, and tail)  Putamen  Nucleus accumbens  Globus pallidus  Thalamus  Hippocampal formation  Fornix  Anterior commissure  Claustrum  External capsule  Extreme Capsule  Insular cortex  Cingulate gyrus  Amygdala

80. Slice 1 - unlabeled In this slice, we catch the anteriormost portion of the corpus callosum (the genu). We just see the lateral ventricles, and note to the right we have just clipped the head of the caudate on the right side (a small spot of grey next to the lateral ventricle). We also see the tips of the temporal lobes (i.e., the temporal poles). Many of the structures on our list are not yet visible, however.

81. Slice 1 - outlined In this slice, we catch the anteriormost portion of the corpus callosum (the genu). We just see the lateral ventricles, and note to the right we have just clipped the head of the caudate on the right side (a small spot of grey next to the lateral ventricle). We also see the tips of the temporal lobes (i.e., the temporal poles). Many of the structures on our list are not yet visible, however.

82. Slice 1 - labeled In this slice, we catch the anteriormost portion of the corpus callosum (the genu). We just see the lateral ventricles, and note to the right we have just clipped the head of the caudate on the right side (a small spot of grey next to the lateral ventricle). We also see the tips of the temporal lobes (i.e., the temporal poles). Many of the structures on our list are not yet visible, however.

83. Slice 2 - unlabeled In this slice, we are cutting the anterior aspect of the basal ganglia where the caudate and putamen are beginning to separate into distinct structures. Note the faint beginnings of what will become the internal capsule (anterior limb) between them. The body of the corpus callosum is still visible. Below it we see the septum pellucidum, which is the thin membrane separating the lateral ventricles. Also note above it the cingulate gyrus, which we’ve seen on a midsaggital view.

84. Slice 2 - outlined In this slice, we are cutting the anterior aspect of the basal ganglia where the caudate and putamen are beginning to separate into distinct structures. Note the faint beginnings of what will become the internal capsule (anterior limb) between them. The body of the corpus callosum is still visible. Below it we see the septum pellucidum, which is the thin membrane separating the lateral ventricles. Also note above it the cingulate gyrus, which we’ve seen on a midsaggital view.

85. Slice 2 - labeled In this slice, we are cutting the anterior aspect of the basal ganglia where the caudate and putamen are beginning to separate into distinct structures. Note the faint beginnings of what will become the internal capsule (anterior limb) between them. The body of the corpus callosum is still visible. Below it we see the septum pellucidum, which is the thin membrane separating the lateral ventricles. Also note above it the cingulate gyrus, which we’ve seen on a midsaggital view.

86. Slice 3 - unlabeled Here we see further differentiation of the caudate and putamen, with a more pronounced internal capsule (anterior limb) visible. Note that at the inferior aspect of where they connect is the nucleus accumbens. You also see the beginning of a couple of new structures that are helpful to learn with the basal ganglia (morphologically, not necessarily functionally). Lateral to the putamen is a thin white matter pathway called the external capsule. Lateral to that is a thin strip of grey called the claustrum. Lateral to the claustrum is the extreme capsule. The claustrum is labeled in this atlas, although the external and extreme capsule are not. You will see these structures in successive slices along the length of the basal ganglia. We have also clipped the optic chiasm, just a bit of the hypothalamus, and third ventricle. We are well into the temporal pole, but have not yet reached the amydala (which should be the first major temporal lobe structure we encounter as we keep moving posteriorly).

87. Slice 3 - outlined Here we see further differentiation of the caudate and putamen, with a more pronounced internal capsule (anterior limb) visible. Note that at the inferior aspect of where they connect is the nucleus accumbens. You also see the beginning of a couple of new structures that are helpful to learn with the basal ganglia (morphologically, not necessarily functionally). Lateral to the putamen is a thin white matter pathway called the external capsule. Lateral to that is a thin strip of grey called the claustrum. Lateral to the claustrum is the extreme capsule. The claustrum is labeled in this atlas, although the external and extreme capsule are not. You will see these structures in successive slices along the length of the basal ganglia. We have also clipped the optic chiasm, just a bit of the hypothalamus, and third ventricle. We are well into the temporal pole, but have not yet reached the amydala (which should be the first major temporal lobe structure we encounter as we keep moving posteriorly).

88. Slice 3 - labeled Here we see further differentiation of the caudate and putamen, with a more pronounced internal capsule (anterior limb) visible. Note that at the inferior aspect of where they connect is the nucleus accumbens. You also see the beginning of a couple of new structures that are helpful to learn with the basal ganglia (morphologically, not necessarily functionally). Lateral to the putamen is a thin white matter pathway called the external capsule. Lateral to that is a thin strip of grey called the claustrum. Lateral to the claustrum is the extreme capsule. The claustrum is labeled in this atlas, although the external and extreme capsule are not. You will see these structures in successive slices along the length of the basal ganglia. We have also clipped the optic chiasm, just a bit of the hypothalamus, and third ventricle. We are well into the temporal pole, but have not yet reached the amydala (which should be the first major temporal lobe structure we encounter as we keep moving posteriorly).

89. Slice 4 - unlabeled Here we see the caudate and putamen fully separated, with the globus pallidus visible medial to the putamen. We have cut the anterior commisure such that it is clearly visible, as are the columns of the fornix (which come right down to the anterior commissure). We are approaching the anterior end of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles, so the amygdala is visible.

90. Slice 4 - outlined Here we see the caudate and putamen fully separated, with the globus pallidus visible medial to the putamen. We have cut the anterior commisure such that it is clearly visible, as are the columns of the fornix (which come right down to the anterior commissure). We are approaching the anterior end of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles, so the amygdala is visible.

91. Slice 4 - labeled Here we see the caudate and putamen fully separated, with the globus pallidus visible medial to the putamen. We have cut the anterior commisure such that it is clearly visible, as are the columns of the fornix (which come right down to the anterior commissure). We are approaching the anterior end of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles, so the amygdala is visible.

92. Slice 5 - unlabeled Here we still see the various parts of the basal ganglia clearly. We can still see hypothalamus, and are not posterior enough to see the thalamus just yet. The amygdala is still visible. The interesting thing in this slice is that we are just posterior to the anterior commissure, so you can see the columns of the fornix where they are arcing down to the anterior commissure (at lower part of the septum pellucidum).

93. Slice 5 - outlined Here we still see the various parts of the basal ganglia clearly. We can still see hypothalamus, and are not posterior enough to see the thalamus just yet. The amygdala is still visible. The interesting thing in this slice is that we are just posterior to the anterior commissure, so you can see the columns of the fornix where they are arcing down to the anterior commissure (at lower part of the septum pellucidum).

94. Slice 5 - labeled Here we still see the various parts of the basal ganglia clearly. We can still see hypothalamus, and are not posterior enough to see the thalamus just yet. The amygdala is still visible. The interesting thing in this slice is that we are just posterior to the anterior commissure, so you can see the columns of the fornix where they are arcing down to the anterior commissure (at lower part of the septum pellucidum).

95. Slice 6 - unlabeled In this slice, we have cut perfectly through the intraventricular foramen of Monroe, so you have a perfect view of the lateral ventricles emptying into the third ventricle. It’s a bit difficult to find, but we have clipped just a bit of the anterior thalamus. This lets us know that we are probably in the area of the genu of the internal capsule and will soon be transitioning into the posterior limb. Note that part of the amygdala is still visible, although we are starting to open the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles.

96. Slice 6 - outlined In this slice, we have cut perfectly through the intraventricular foramen of Monroe, so you have a perfect view of the lateral ventricles emptying into the third ventricle. It’s a bit difficult to find, but we have clipped just a bit of the anterior thalamus. This lets us know that we are probably in the area of the genu of the internal capsule and will soon be transitioning into the posterior limb. Note that part of the amygdala is still visible, although we are starting to open the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles.

97. Slice 6 - labeled In this slice, we have cut perfectly through the intraventricular foramen of Monroe, so you have a perfect view of the lateral ventricles emptying into the third ventricle. It’s a bit difficult to find, but we have clipped just a bit of the anterior thalamus. This lets us know that we are probably in the area of the genu of the internal capsule and will soon be transitioning into the posterior limb. Note that part of the amygdala is still visible, although we are starting to open the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles.

98. Slice 7 - unlabeled Now we start to see some significant changes as new structures are visible. We have a good view of the thalamus. The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are still visible, although they are not so prominent. The temporal horns of the lateral ventricles are clearly visible, as is the hippocampus. The hippocampus here actually looks a bit like a seahorse (especially on the left), which is where the name comes from. It often looks more like an indistinct jelly roll. Down to the bottom right, we have clipped part of the cerebral peduncle. You can see the descending and ascending white matter pathways fairly clearly.

99. Slice 7 - outlined Now we start to see some significant changes as new structures are visible. We have a good view of the thalamus. The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are still visible, although they are not so prominent. The temporal horns of the lateral ventricles are clearly visible, as is the hippocampus. The hippocampus here actually looks a bit like a seahorse (especially on the left), which is where the name comes from. It often looks more like an indistinct jelly roll. Down to the bottom right, we have clipped part of the cerebral peduncle. You can see the descending and ascending white matter pathways fairly clearly.

100. Slice 7 - labeled Now we start to see some significant changes as new structures are visible. We have a good view of the thalamus. The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are still visible, although they are not so prominent. The temporal horns of the lateral ventricles are clearly visible, as is the hippocampus. The hippocampus here actually looks a bit like a seahorse (especially on the left), which is where the name comes from. It often looks more like an indistinct jelly roll. Down to the bottom right, we have clipped part of the cerebral peduncle. You can see the descending and ascending white matter pathways fairly clearly.

101. Slice 8 - unlabeled This slice offers another great view of the ascending and descending white matter pathways passing through the cerebral peduncle and pons.

102. Slice 8 - outlined This slice offers another great view of the ascending and descending white matter pathways passing through the cerebral peduncle and pons.

103. Slice 8 - labeled This slice offers another great view of the ascending and descending white matter pathways passing through the cerebral peduncle and pons.

104. Slice 9 - unlabeled This slice is much more posterior. Basal ganglia, thalamus, etc are no longer visible. However, you can see the posteriormost aspect of the hippocampus, including the fornix on each side moving to the midline. Note also that we can see the 4 th ventricle.

105. Slice 9 - outlined This slice is much more posterior. Basal ganglia, thalamus, etc are no longer visible. However, you can see the posteriormost aspect of the hippocampus, including the fornix on each side moving to the midline. Note also that we can see the 4 th ventricle.

106. Slice 9 - labeled This slice is much more posterior. Basal ganglia, thalamus, etc are no longer visible. However, you can see the posteriormost aspect of the hippocampus, including the fornix on each side moving to the midline. Note also that we can see the 4 th ventricle.

107. Neuroscience Horizontal Sections (6)

108. Slices 1-6

109. Structures you are responsible for knowing in horizontal sections:  Corpus callosum  Lateral Ventricles  3 rd ventricle  Caudate nucleus  Putamen  Nucleus accumbens  Globus pallidus  Thalamus  Internal capsule (anterior limb, genu, posterior limb)  Claustrum  External capsule (Not labeled directly, thin white band between putamen and claustrum)  Extreme capsule (Not labeled directy, thin white band between claustrum and insular cortex)  Insular cortex

110. Slice 1 - unlabeled Beginning from the superior aspect of the brain, this first slice open the lateral ventricles. If you look down into the ventricles, you can see the thalamus from above. At the anterior end of the ventricles, you can find a very thin slice of the head of the caudate.

111. Slice 1 - outlined Beginning from the superior aspect of the brain, this first slice open the lateral ventricles. If you look down into the ventricles, you can see the thalamus from above. At the anterior end of the ventricles, you can find a very thin slice of the head of the caudate.

112. Slice 1 - labeled Beginning from the superior aspect of the brain, this first slice open the lateral ventricles. If you look down into the ventricles, you can see the thalamus from above. At the anterior end of the ventricles, you can find a very thin slice of the head of the caudate.

113. Slice 2 - unlabeled As we move downward a bit, you clearly see the thalamus (posterior) and caudate (anterior). We are still too high to see much of the putamen, although we see the upper edge of it on the right. We also see a thin little strip of the claustrum. The external and extreme capsules are visible on either side of the claustrum (just like the coronal sections), although they are not labeled here in the atlas. Note the fornix arcing upward, inward, and forward.

114. Slice 2 - outlined As we move downward a bit, you clearly see the thalamus (posterior) and caudate (anterior). We are still too high to see much of the putamen, although we see the upper edge of it on the right. We also see a thin little strip of the claustrum. The external and extreme capsules are visible on either side of the claustrum (just like the coronal sections), although they are not labeled here in the atlas. Note the fornix arcing upward, inward, and forward.

115. Slice 2 - labeled As we move downward a bit, you clearly see the thalamus (posterior) and caudate (anterior). We are still too high to see much of the putamen, although we see the upper edge of it on the right. We also see a thin little strip of the claustrum. The external and extreme capsules are visible on either side of the claustrum (just like the coronal sections), although they are not labeled here in the atlas. Note the fornix arcing upward, inward, and forward.

116. Slice 3 - unlabeled Here we again see the thalamus and caudate clearly. The putamen is also visible on each side, offering some definition to the internal capsule (anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb). The globus pallidus is still not yet visible, because it is smaller than the putamen. Note on the right (posterior aspect of the ventricle) that we see the hippocampal formation. It looks similar to what we saw in coronal sections. Remember, this is possible because it essentially curves upward along the temporal lobe (from anterior to posterior).

117. Slice 3 - outlined Here we again see the thalamus and caudate clearly. The putamen is also visible on each side, offering some definition to the internal capsule (anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb). The globus pallidus is still not yet visible, because it is smaller than the putamen. Note on the right (posterior aspect of the ventricle) that we see the hippocampal formation. It looks similar to what we saw in coronal sections. Remember, this is possible because it essentially curves upward along the temporal lobe (from anterior to posterior).

118. Slice 3 - labeled Here we again see the thalamus and caudate clearly. The putamen is also visible on each side, offering some definition to the internal capsule (anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb). The globus pallidus is still not yet visible, because it is smaller than the putamen. Note on the right (posterior aspect of the ventricle) that we see the hippocampal formation. It looks similar to what we saw in coronal sections. Remember, this is possible because it essentially curves upward along the temporal lobe (from anterior to posterior).

119. Slice 4 - unlabeled This section is probably the classic horizontal section in terms of showing the basal ganglia, thalamus, and internal capsule. Note that you can still see the hippocampal formation.

120. Slice 4 - outlined This section is probably the classic horizontal section in terms of showing the basal ganglia, thalamus, and internal capsule. Note that you can still see the hippocampal formation.

121. Slice 4 - labeled This section is probably the classic horizontal section in terms of showing the basal ganglia, thalamus, and internal capsule. Note that you can still see the hippocampal formation.

122. Slice 5 - unlabeled This is the level of the anterior commissure. Note that the caudate and putamen are once again seen close to where they join, so just a bit further down we should find the nucleus accumbens (but not yet in this slice).

123. Slice 5 - outlined This is the level of the anterior commissure. Note that the caudate and putamen are once again seen close to where they join, so just a bit further down we should find the nucleus accumbens (but not yet in this slice).

124. Slice 5 - labeled This is the level of the anterior commissure. Note that the caudate and putamen are once again seen close to where they join, so just a bit further down we should find the nucleus accumbens (but not yet in this slice).

125. Slice 6 - unlabeled Finally, the caudate and putamen look very similar to the more anterior coronal slices(last slide). This is where the nucleus accumbens can be located.

126. Slice 6 - outlined Finally, the caudate and putamen look very similar to the more anterior coronal slices(last slide). This is where the nucleus accumbens can be located.

127. Slice 6 - labeled Finally, the caudate and putamen look very similar to the more anterior coronal slices(last slide). This is where the nucleus accumbens can be located.

128. Slice 6 - extra slide Finally, the caudate and putamen look very similar to the more anterior coronal slices. anterior coronal slices This is where the nucleus accumbens can be located.