1. Introduction Anatomy Azami PHD

2. Definition Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open” – Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems

3. History of Anatomy Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims. First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC. Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)

4. Medicine during Medieval Times (5 th - 15 th ) When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies. Cadavers were no longer used Avicenna ( ابن سینا یا پورسینا )

5. 16 th Century Contributions Began to make drawings of dissections of executed cadavers

6. 17 th and 18 th centuries Few dissections were allowed Only certain scientists were allowed to perform them Doctors literally traveled from dissection to dissection

7. 19 th Century Anatomy Act of 1832 provided adequate supply of corpses Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858

8. Modern Anatomy X-rays, CT scans, MRI

9. Anatomy definition A branch of morphology which deals with the structure of organisms. Study of the structures of the body and their relationship to one another. This is generally divided into: – Gross anatomy (that which can be seen with the naked eye) – Histology (microscopic anatomy & internal structure of cells) – Embryology (the developing organism within the uterus)

10. Gross Anatomy Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by organ system Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

11. Organ systems Musculoskeletal (muscles, bones, joints) Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins) Respiratory (respiratory tract, lungs) Digestive (oesophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas) Urinary (kidney, bladder) Reproductive (male/female) Nervous system

12. Anatomical planes Anatomical terminology

13. Anatomical Planes Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts Coronal or frontal– divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Horizontal or transverse (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

14. Anatomical planes - 1 Median or mid-sagittal plane Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline.

15. Anatomical planes - 2 Sagittal: Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts

16. Anatomical planes - 3 Coronal or frontal: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

17. Anatomical planes - 4 Horizontal or transverse (cross section) : divides the body into superior and inferior parts

18. Body Planes 2 1 3

19. Anatomical positions

20. Movements Adduction Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

21. Prone Lying face down Pronation Supine Lying face up Supination Movements

22. Flexion Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones Extension Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones

23. Anatomical movements Flexion/Extension

24. Retraction Moving a part backward Protraction Moving a part forward Movements

25. Anatomical positions 1. Cranial toward the head 2. Caudal - toward the feet 3. Medial - toward the middle 4. Lateral - toward/from the side 5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb 6. Distal - toward the finger/toes 7. Superior - above 8. Inferior - below

26. Review