1. Chapter 1 Intro to A&P

2.  Anatomy (structures) & Physiology (functions of structures)  *Structure of a part dictates the function  Loss of structure = loss of function  Pathophysiology = physiology gone bad  Levels of Organization:  Atom- Molecule- Cell- Tissue- Organ- Organ System- Organism  Organization determines structure > function

3. Characteristics of Life  1.Metabolism  2.Responsiveness  3.Movement  4.Growth  5.Differentiation  6.Reproduction

4. Homeostasis- “ Staying the same”  protection of our cell by internal environment to keep constant  Ex: BP, HR, Respiration, O2/CO2  Control of: -there are constant stressors- heat, cold, O2, blood glucose  thermostat in room- in body it is the hypothalamus

5. Regulation  Auto regulation (intrinsic)  Automatic response in cell, tissue, or organ  Extrinsic Regulation  controlled by feedback systems (nervous (short term)/endocrine (long term hormones)  3 main players of Homeostasis:  Receptor-receives stimulus  Control center- processes signal  Effector- carries instructions

6. Homeostasis continued Feedback system: 1)Negative- reverse original stimulus, return conditions to normal *most all body systems are neg. Examples: a) temperature maintenance in hot July a. Receptor- thermoreceptors in skin b. control center- hypothalamus c. effector- sweat glands *muscle cells in walls of blood vessels relax and dilate > blood flows closer to skin surface to release heat and body sweats b)Dehydration on hot day a. receptor- osmoreceptors in skin b. control center- hypothalamus c. effector- increased secretion of ADH *conserves water in body 2)Positive- enhance the original stimulus (feed forward) ex: uterine contractions & scab formation

8.  Systems work together to maintain homeostasis  State of Equilibrium  Dynamic Equilibrium- continual adaptation  Systems work to restore balance  Failure results in disease or death

9. Homeostatic Imbalances  1) disorder- abnormal function  2) disease- more specific term for illness, set of signs and symptoms  3) local vs. systemic  4) signs- objective changes (measurable) – blood pressure, temp  5) symptoms- subjective changes (feeling)- nausea, pain, fatigue

10. Organ Systems- Know organs and functions pg 8-9  1)Integumentary  2)Skeletal  3)Muscular  4)Nervous  5)Endocrine  6)Circulatory  7)Respiratory  8)Digestive  9)Urinary  10) Reproductive  11) Lymphatic

11. Direction Terms- Pg 17  Anatomical Position- face forward, palms forward

12. Body Sections- pg 18  1)Sagittal- parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body or organ, right and left sides a.Midsagittal- equal parts, through the middle b.Parasagittal- to the right or left, not equal parts  2)Transverse or cross section- right angles to longitudinal axis, divides into inferior and superior parts  3)Coronal or frontal- divides into dorsal and ventral, ant and post. In humans (front and back)  4) Oblique- cut at an angle

13. Body Cavities and Organs in them (viscera) 1)Axial- head, neck, and trunk a. dorsal 1.cranial- brain 2.vertebral- spinal cord and backbones b.ventral 1. thoracic- lungs and mediastinum (separates right and left), heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus *separation by diaphragm 2. abdominopelvic- a. abdominal- stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and the small and large intestines b. pelvic- end of large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs 2)Appendicular- upper and lower limbs

15. Membranes 1)Pleural a. parietal- wall of lungs b.visceral- lungs 2) Pericardial- heart epicardium- heart’s actual surface 3) Peritoneal- abdominopelvic cavity a. parietal- walls b. visceral- each organ

16.  Abdominopelvic cavity contains peritoneal cavity, a space lined by serous membrane known as the peritoneum  Parietal peritoneum-lines inner surface of body wall  Visceral peritoneum- covers enclosed organs  Retroperitoneal- organs that lie between the peritoneal linking & the muscular wall of abdominal cavity  Ex: kidneys  Infraperitoneal- lie inferior to peritoneal cavity  Ex: bladder, distal large intestine

17. Smaller cavities in the head  1)Oral- mouth  2)Nasal- nose  3)Orbital- eye  4)Middle ear