1. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 1 ecological sanitation: principles Christine Werner Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation program, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure CeTAmb - International Conference The role of Appropriate Technologies in Cooperation Projects Desenzano del Garda (Brescia - Italia), 16-17 December

2. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 2  Increasing scarcity and degrading quality of freshwater  1.1 billion people around the world have no access to safe drinking water  2.4 billion people have inadequate sanitation and/or no means of wastewater disposal  Expected growth of the global population by another 2 billion people within the next 25 years needing sanitation  90 % of wastewater worldwide is either poorly treated or not treated at all at discharge  80 % of all diseases and 25 % of all deaths in developing countries can be attributed to polluted water (WHO) world water and sanitation crisis ecosan principles

3. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 3  Achievement of poverty eradication and sustainable development by rapidly increasing access to basic requirements such as clean water, sanitation, energy, health care, food security and the protection of biodiversity  Set target for water and sanitation: To halve the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and to adequate sanitation by 2015 millenium development goals (MDGs) ecosan principles

4. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 4 shortcomings of conventional water carriage sanitation fertilizer production from finite resources food Mixing of flow streams, misuse of drinking water for transport 90% untreated waste disposal in water bodies sewage sludge overexploitation of groundwater ecosan principles

5. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 5 shortcomings of conventional water carriage sanitation  Unsatisfactory purification or uncontrolled discharge of more than 90 % of wastewater worldwide  Severe water pollution, unbearable health risks  Consumption of precious water for transport of waste  High investment, energy, operating and maintenance costs  Frequent subsidization of prosperous areas and neglect of poorer settlements  Loss of valuable nutrients and trace elements contained in excrements due to discharge into waters  Problems with contaminated sewage sludge in combined, central systems  Linear end-of-pipe technology ecosan principles

6. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 6 Retention of solids Infiltration of liquids Polluted groundwater Nitrates Viruses Pathogens shortcomings of conventional „drop and store“ sanitation ecosan principles

7. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 7 closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture restoring soil fertility treatment / hygienization / energy recovery water reuse no waste disposal in water bodies rainwater harvesting food organic waste faeces urine greywater agricultural use ecosan principles

8. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 8 ecological sanitation - a new approach  Improvement of health by minimizing the introduction of pathogens from human excrements into the water cycle  Promotion of safe recovery and use of nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and energy  Preservation of soil fertility and improvment of agricultural productivity  Conservation of resources  Preference for modular, decentralised systems for more appropriate, cost-efficient solutions  Promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary approach  Material flow cycle instead of disposal ecosan principles

9. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 9 cco-sanitation concepts and strategies eco-sanitation…  … is not a specific technology, but a new philosophy - based on an eco-system-oriented view of material flows - of dealing with what is presently regarded as waste and wastewater for disposal  …considers human excreta and wastewater not as wastes but as natural resources  … applies the basic natural principal of closing the loop by using modern and safe sanitation and reuse technologies  … opens up a wider range of sanitation options than those currently considered. ecosan principles

10. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 10 Organics kg COD/ (Person·year) 12.3 3.6 14.1 Volume Liter / (Person·year) 10.000 – 200.000 l 500 l 50 l source: Otterpohl Nutrient content kg N,P,K / (Person·year) N P K 0.8 5.3 1.0 composition of household wastewater Introduction to ecosan

11. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 11 wastewater and excreta are a valuable resource million tons per year (as N + P 2 O 5 + K 2 O) 135 50 www.fertilizer.org  farmers around the world yearly require 135 Mio tons of mineral fertiliser for their crops, while at the same time conventional sanitation dumps 50 Mio tons of fertiliser equivalents from so called wastewater flows into our water bodies - nutrients with a market value of around 15 Billion US dollars. ecosan principles

12. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 12 source: Drangert, 1998 fertilizer potential of human excreta ecosan principles

13. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 13 CategoryUse Person / Group exposed Nematodes [Eggs / kg] Feacal coliforms [number / 100 g] A Application to field crop (used for raw food) worker, consumer, public </= 1</= 1000 B Application to field crop (for industrial use, feedstock, trees) worker</= 1 no suggested standard C Local application to field crop of cat. B, without contact to persons nonenot relevant WHO guidelines for agricultural use of treated water (1989) ecosan principles

14. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 14 benefits of ecological sanitation  safe sanitation source: www.virtualmuseum.ca source: Johannes Heeb ecosan-toilets in Bangalore, India  water savings and a healthy environment ecosan principles

15. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 15 Benefits of ecological sanitation  restored soil fertility through nutrient reuse source: Vinnerås, 2003  improved soil quality through reuse of organics urine faeces & urine none compost improved soil untreated soil after one week without water source: Petter Jenssen ecosan principles

16. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 16 benefits of ecological sanitation  recovery of energy content (covering about 20% of cooking energy needs for a typical family in a developing country)  energy savings in fertilizer production & wastewater treatment  reuse of water source: Petter Jenssen

17. ecosan – principles, technologies, projects Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 17 Thank you! www.gtz.de/ecosan ecosan@gtz.de subscribe the ecosan-newsletter by sending an e-mail with the text “subscribe ecosan” to: majordomo@mailserv.gtz.de