2. Discussion What does nationalism mean? A sense of identity shared by people with a common language, history, and culture.

3. Discussion What role might nationalism have had in revolts such as those in Latin America against Spain? The Latin American nationalists would come to regard colonial rulers such as the Spanish as outsiders to be resisted.

4. Chapter Preview In this chapter you will learn how Napoleon's conquest of much of Europe aroused a powerful reaction in the form of fierce nationalist feelings on the part of the conquered peoples. The spread of this nationalism, along with the examples of the American and French Revolutions, encouraged Latin American revolutionaries such as Simón Bolívar

5. Preview One way of approaching a historical period is through its literature. What do you know about Charles Dickens? Dickens was a British author who wrote popular fiction such as A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, and A Tale of Two Cities. Dickens's fiction frequently deals with the problems of the poor, the working class, and abused children.

6. The constitutional monarchy of Louis Philippe lasted 18 years The British begin government regulation of factories in 1833 Haiti declared its independence before the rest of Latin America. the Taiping Rebellion in China occured the Opium War.

7. Discussion Why did Macaulay support extending the right to vote? He felt it would prevent a revolution.

8. Discussion What question did Shelley pose to the British working class? He asked them why they continued to work for those who exploited them.

9. Discussion Where did revolutions occur in 1848? Ireland, France, Prussia, Poland, Austrian Empire, Milan, Venice, Papal States, Naples, Sicily, Ottoman Empire