1. EMERGING THREATS TO HUMAN SECURITY IN AFRICA
Terrorism in historical perspective: definition, types causes and effects. By
MR.
JOHN DENSEN TIKIGBOMENI
Paper Presented at the Security Training Organized by the Institute of Security Studies in collaboration with Geneva, at the African Centre for Peace and Security Training (ACPST), Addis Ababa, 23-28, September, 2013.

2. INTRODUCTION
Today no other single issue has dominated the global strategic landscape as terrorism. We live in an age of international terrorism with its increasing scope of violence. The nature and types of terrorism has became more varied and complex and terrorism organizations even more evasive and difficult to understand.

3. Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni
DEFINITION
It defines terrorism as all “Criminal acts directed against a state and intended or calculated to create a state of terror in the minds of particular persons, or group of persons or the general public.2
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Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni

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OTHER DEFINITIONS
According to the United Nations report : Terrorism is “(any action) intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants, with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act”.
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OTHER DEFINITIONS
Also, The United States Federal Statute
“Violent act or acts dangerous to human life that appear to be intended
to intimidate or coerce a civilian population
in influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or
to effect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping”.4
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Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni

7. OTHER DEFINITIONS Contd.
The United Kingdoms legislation entitled: Terrorist Act 2000
Israeli Law in its prevention of terrorism ordinance No.
The FBI
The AU convention
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Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni

8. ONE WIDELY ACCEPTED DEFINITION
Sees it as: “The use of violence against random civilian targets in order to intimidate or to create generalized pervasive fear for the purpose of achieving political goals”.
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Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni

9. ACT OF TERRORIST AS CRIME
The act is unlawful
It involves the use of threatened use of violence or force
That violence or force is directed against individuals or property or society.
It is designed to coerce a government or security.
It supports political, ideological or religions objectives.
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Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni

10. COMMON ACTS OF TERRORISM
Bombing.
Assassination
Kidnapping
Hostage taking
Hijacking
Skyjacking
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BOMBING
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ASSASINATION
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KIDNAPPING
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HOSTAGE TAKING
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ARSON
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16. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1960s – 1970s : Baadei- Meinhof gang (Germany), the Red Brigades (Italy),the weather on the ground (USA), Aum Shiutikyo (Japan), Basque Separatists (Spain) IRA (Ireland). 1970s – 1980s : Hezbollah, Hamas, Taliban, Al- Qaeda. 1990s – : Al-shabab, Boko Haram.
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Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni

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TYPES OF TERRORISM
Political Terrorism
Criminal Terrorist
State or Repressive Terrorism
Revolutionary Terrorism
Sub-Revolutionary Terrorism
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EMERGING THREAT
Internet
(a) Cyber Terrorism.
(b) Communication.
(c) Research.
(d) Websites.
WMD
(a) Extremists want to use WMD.
(b) Crude recipes for WMD on the internet.
(c) Tokyo Sarin gas attacks in 1995.
(d) US Anthax letters in 2001.
(e) Attacks against petroleum, chemical or nuclear sites.
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SUICIDE BOMBING
The wave of contemporary suicide attacks is traceable back to October 1983 when a truck bomb destroyed a US Marine Barracks in Beirut, killing 241 soldiers and injuring more than 100 others.21
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CAUSES OF TERRORISM
Its cause might be political most potentially, economic, religious, and in some cases, by the combination of these factors.27
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MOTIVATING FACTORS
Social and political injustice: People chose terrorism when they are typing to right what they perceive to be a social or political or historical wrong – when they have been stripped of their land or rights, or denied these.
The belief that violence or its threat will be effective and usher in change.
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23. EFFECTS OF TERRORISM TO HUMAN SECURITY
Intimidation
Suicide
Fear
Destruction
Publicity
WMD
Insecurity
Internet Cyber-crime, Communication, etc.
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CONCLUSION
The effect of terrorism which is not only to terrorize and cause panic and intimidation to the political system, but it also affect stability of state. The fight against terrorism makes the terrorist one to fight more creating a state of total insecurity to affected nations.
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THANK YOU
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Paper presented by: John Densen Tikigbomeni