1. Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century

2. Island Possessions

3. Fallout of the Spanish- American War  Filipino Insurrection (1898)  Savage guerilla warfare  4000 Americans killed  50,000? Filipinos killed  1901: Ended with Aguinaldo captured

5.  Philippine Commission (1901)  Governor William Taft led  Sought reforms for his “little brown brothers”

6. William H. Taft – 1 st Governor-General of the Philippines

7.  McKinley’s “Benevolent Assimilation”  Argued that the Americans must educate, civilize, & uplift the conditions of the Filipinos

8. Open Door in China  Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) weakens China  Russia, Germany, & Japan move in seeking control  America wants access to trade & missionary work

9. Spheres of Influence

10.  1899: Secretary of State John Hay sends “Open Door Policy” message  Great Powers would respect Chinese rights & ideal of fair competition

11.  All foreign powers considered to agree Uncle Sam to the European powers: “Gentlemen, you may cut up the map as much as like; but remember that I’m here to stay and that you can’t divide me up into spheres of influence”

12. Boxer Rebellion (1900)  Society of the Righteous & Harmonious Fist stage rebellion  Seek to kill or oust all “foreign devils”

13.  200 Foreigners die - many injured & besieged  18,000 man foreign force invades & ends sieges  US sends 2500 man force from Philippines

14.  Foreign governments demand $333 million in reparations  US returns $18 of the $24.5 million received which becomes college fund

15.  Hay extends open door policy to cover Chinese territorial integrity as well

17. Election of 1900  Republicans re-nominate McKinley  Endorsed prosperity & expansion  60-88% of Americans poor or very poor

18.  Teddy Roosevelt nominated as VP  Politicos in New York want him out as governor - too reformist

19.  William Jennings Bryan back for Democrats  Still wants silver plank, but anti-imperialism is the major issue

20.  Republican offer of “Full Dinner Pail” & “Staying the Course” helps McKinley win big

21. September 1901  McKinley assassinated by a anarchist Leon Czolgosz

22. Roosevelt becomes youngest President to date (age 42)

23. Foreign Policy under Theodore Roosevelt

24.  Roosevelt’s policy = “Speak softly & carry a big stick.”

25. Panama Canal  Spanish- American War showed the need for an Isthmus Canal

26.  1850: treaty with Great Britain  Said US did not have the exclusive right to control a trans-isthmus canal Clayton-Bulwar Treaty

27. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty  1901: Britain involved in Boer War  Agrees to allow US to build & protect a canal

28.  Debate ensues over canal site  Nicaragua vs. Panama  Volcano explodes on Martinique Island

29.  Congress sent postage stamps of Nicaraguan volcanoes by French construction company with rights in Panama  Congress agrees to Panamanian site

30. Hay-Herran Treaty  US & Columbia sign  Granted lease of 6 mile wide canal zone  $40 million at $10 million down & $250,000 a year

31.  Columbian Senate refuses to ratify - wants more money

32.  Roosevelt wants to “make the dirt fly” & win the election in 1904

33. Creation of Panama  Nov. 3, 1903: Phillpe Bunau-Varilla of the Pananma Canal Company leads revolt against Columbia

34.  Roosevelt uses US Navy to block Columbia from sending troops  “gunboat diplomacy”  Cites treaty that insured Panama’s “perfect neutrality”

35.  15 days after revolt, US recognizes Independent Panama

36. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty  Nov. 1903: pays $40 million to French canal company for a 10 mile wide zone

37.  Years later Roosevelt said he “took the Canal & let Congress debate”

38. “Colossus of the North”  US looked on as “Big Brother” willing to use a “Big Stick” on his “little brown brothers”  Europe sees US hypocrisy

39. Making the dirt fly…

40.  US made breakthroughs in tropical medicine with information learned in Cuba  Yellow Fever & Malaria are fought through mosquito abatement

41.  Canal completed in 1914 for $400 million

42.  quick access to Atlantic & Pacific  military protection of territories  trade & economic value would increase

43. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine  Latin American countries defaulting on foreign debts led to European Creditors (Britain & Germany) seeking to collect payments

44.  1902: German warships attack Venezuela  Roosevelt sees debt collection as violating Monroe Doctrine

45.  Roosevelt has policy of “Preventive Intervention”  US would intervene to force payment of delinquent debts

46. Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power power. Roosevelt Corollary (1905)

47.  Not allow European powers to get foot in the door (called the Roosevelt Corollary)  US to be “Policeman of the Western Hemisphere”  US becomes “Bad Neighbor”

48. Roosevelt Corollary carry a big stick. Big Stick Policy: “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” “Roosevelt’s Corollary” Also referred to as “Roosevelt’s Corollary”

49.  1905: US intervenes in Dominican Republic & takes over tariff collection  Over time US intervenes in Cuba (1906); Nicaragua (1909); & Mexico (1913)

51. Speak softly, but carry a Big Stick!

52. Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)  Russia & Japan go to war over Manchuria & Korea  Japan defeats Russian Fleet at Port Arthur  Defeats a second fleet sent from Archangel in Russia

53.  Japan afraid of over extending itself & seeks arbitration  1905: Roosevelt meets with both parties at Portsmouth, New Hampshire

55. Portsmouth Treaty (1905)  Ends the war  1906: Roosevelt gets Nobel Peace Prize  Relations between US & both Japan & Russia soured by deal

56. “Gentlemen’s Agreement”  1906: Tax burden of Russo-Japanese War causes 70,000 Japanese Laborers to seek work in California

57.  California, having dealt with Chinese immigrants, fears another “yellow peril” invasion

58.  City of San Francisco (after 1906 earthquake) wants Japanese Children to go to “Oriental Only” schools

59.  Japanese press calls for war over racial discrimination  TR invites SF School Board to White House

60.  Roosevelt calls for a “Gentleman’s Agreement”  California will repeal the school order if Japan will stop the flow of immigrant workers

61. Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet  To avoid future trouble with Japan, Roosevelt decides to show them his “Big Stick” of a navy

62.  Asks Congress to appropriate $$$ to send battle fleet on “Peace Cruise” around the world  Congress refuses to allocate funds

63.  Roosevelt uses executive budget to send 16 white battleships around the world

64.  Congress agrees to pay to “bring the fleet home”

65. Great White Fleet

66. “Join the Navy & See the World”

67. Root-Takahira Agreement  Fleets appearance in Japan leads to signing  1908: US & Japan will respect each other’s territories in the Pacific