1. Progressivism In America Political, Social, & Economic Reform at the Turn of the Century

2. What is Progressivism? The Progressive Movements – aimed to return control of the government to the people, restore economic opportunities, and correct injustices in American life. The Progressive Movements – aimed to return control of the government to the people, restore economic opportunities, and correct injustices in American life.

3. Why the need for Reform? Urbanization – growth of the cities Urbanization – growth of the cities Poor sanitation, substandard tenements, shortage of firemen & police Poor sanitation, substandard tenements, shortage of firemen & police Worker ’ s Problems – no protection Worker ’ s Problems – no protection Workplace safety, long hours, low pay, child labor, working conditions Workplace safety, long hours, low pay, child labor, working conditions Immigration – overpopulation & overcrowding Immigration – overpopulation & overcrowding Shared housing, competition for jobs, language & cultural barriers, conflict between groups, discrimination Shared housing, competition for jobs, language & cultural barriers, conflict between groups, discrimination Social Problems – Social Problems – Poor city government, political corruption, dangerous & abusive working conditions, trusts Poor city government, political corruption, dangerous & abusive working conditions, trusts Poor pay, gambling, robbery, gangs, sinful ways Poor pay, gambling, robbery, gangs, sinful ways Child Labor Child Labor

4. From Populism to Progressivism Populist Party – the party proposed reforms such as graduated income tax (taxes based on how much income you make), government reforms, and labor reform. Although not completely successful the populist party became the platform of the Democratic Party and influenced the idea that the government is responsible for social injustice.

5. Goals of Progressivism 1. Social Reform 1. Social Reform 2. Political Reform 2. Political Reform 3. Economic Reform 3. Economic Reform

6. But first! What are Muckrakers?? Muckrakers: investigative journalists that exposed the corruption of business, public life and government. Muckrakers: investigative journalists that exposed the corruption of business, public life and government. Given the name Muckrakers for being so busy Given the name Muckrakers for being so busy “raking the muck of the world that he does not raise his eyes to heaven” “raking the muck of the world that he does not raise his eyes to heaven” President Theodore Roosevelt first called the journalist this name and it stuck. President Theodore Roosevelt first called the journalist this name and it stuck.

7. Social Reforms A. Living Conditions A. Living Conditions Muckrakers Muckrakers In 1890, Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives, describing the horrible living conditions of immigrants who lived in the tenements and slums. In 1890, Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives, describing the horrible living conditions of immigrants who lived in the tenements and slums. Progressive Victories Progressive Victories Progressives set up Settlement Houses – to help families with sanitation and other ills. Progressives set up Settlement Houses – to help families with sanitation and other ills. Progressives passed housing regulations – so the city government could regulate practices of landlords. Progressives passed housing regulations – so the city government could regulate practices of landlords.

8. Lower East Side Taylor Shop. Photography by (Jacob A. Riis Copyright Bettmamn/CORBIS)

9. Children Saluting the Flag Ca. 1890 (Jacob A. Riis Copyright Bettmamn/CORBIS)

10. A typical Tenement ca. 1890 (Jacob A. Riis, Museum of the City of New York)

11. Social Reform B. Working Conditions B. Working Conditions Workers faced 3 evils: Long hours, low wages, and dangerous conditions. Workers faced 3 evils: Long hours, low wages, and dangerous conditions. Muckraker Muckraker Upton Sinclair, Author of The Jungle – exposes the Meat Industry. Upton Sinclair, Author of The Jungle – exposes the Meat Industry. From 1908 – 1912 Lewis Hines publishes photographs of children at work in the mines, mills and factories. This ignites social protest over child labor. From 1908 – 1912 Lewis Hines publishes photographs of children at work in the mines, mills and factories. This ignites social protest over child labor.

12. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

13. Miners: View of the Ewen Breaker of the Pennsylvania Coal Co. The dust was so dense at times as to obscure the view. This dust penetrated the utmost recesses of the boys' lungs. A kind of slave-driver sometimes stands over the boys, prodding or kicking them into obedience. South Pittston, Pennsylvania. Source: The History Place (http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/hine-dust.htm)

14. Social Reform Progressive Victories: Progressive Victories: Child Labor Laws Child Labor Laws Meat Inspection Act Meat Inspection Act Pure Food & Drug Act Pure Food & Drug Act

15. Political Reform A. The progressive movement battled corruption in politics. A. The progressive movement battled corruption in politics. Words to know… Words to know… Political Machine: An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city and offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. Political Machine: An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city and offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. City Boss: A political boss that controlled thousands of municipal jobs. City Boss: A political boss that controlled thousands of municipal jobs. Kickback: Contractors would charge the city more for a construction contract and give the extra money “Kickback” to the city boss (Political Machine). Kickback: Contractors would charge the city more for a construction contract and give the extra money “Kickback” to the city boss (Political Machine). Graft: a form of political corruption, is the unscrupulous use of a politician's authority for personal gain Graft: a form of political corruption, is the unscrupulous use of a politician's authority for personal gain Spoils System: the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters. Spoils System: the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

16. Political Reform B. Reading: With a partner - Read Boss Tweed & The Political Machine B. Reading: With a partner - Read Boss Tweed & The Political Machine Answer the following questions: Answer the following questions: Who is Boss Tweed? Who is Boss Tweed? What is Tammany Hall? What is Tammany Hall? Describe the scandal surrounding the New York City Courthouse. Describe the scandal surrounding the New York City Courthouse. Who is Thomas Nast? Who is Thomas Nast? Who is Lincoln Steffens? Who is Lincoln Steffens? What benefits did the Political Machine Provide? What benefits did the Political Machine Provide?

17. How political cartoons took down Boss Tweed

19. Political Reform Progressive Victories: Progressive Victories: National Level – Constitutional Amendments National Level – Constitutional Amendments 16 th Amendment: Income Tax 16 th Amendment: Income Tax 17 th Amendment: Direct election of U.S. Senators 17 th Amendment: Direct election of U.S. Senators 18 th Amendment: Prohibition 18 th Amendment: Prohibition 19 th Amendment: Women’s Suffrage 19 th Amendment: Women’s Suffrage State Level – decreased power of state legislatures (originated in the state of Oregon) State Level – decreased power of state legislatures (originated in the state of Oregon) The recall – voters could remove an elected official The recall – voters could remove an elected official The Initiative –voters could pass state laws. The bill is initiated by voters instead of legislature. The Initiative –voters could pass state laws. The bill is initiated by voters instead of legislature. The referendum – Voters could vote on the initiative. This means voters could over-rule laws passed by the state legislature. The referendum – Voters could vote on the initiative. This means voters could over-rule laws passed by the state legislature.

20. Analyzing Political Cartoons In groups of 3. In groups of 3. Use the handout provided to analyze one of Thomas Nast’s political cartoons. Use the handout provided to analyze one of Thomas Nast’s political cartoons.

21. Economic Reform The big change: Theodore Roosevelt ends laissez-faire capitalism. He begins government regulation of big business. The big change: Theodore Roosevelt ends laissez-faire capitalism. He begins government regulation of big business. Muckraker Muckraker In 1903 Ida Tarbell wrote an exposé, The history of Standard Oil – described John d. Rockefeller used ruthless business practices to destroy competitors and create a monopoly. In 1903 Ida Tarbell wrote an exposé, The history of Standard Oil – described John d. Rockefeller used ruthless business practices to destroy competitors and create a monopoly. The Trust-Buster The Trust-Buster Trusts (Monopolies) become illegal – Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Trusts (Monopolies) become illegal – Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

22. A Modern Progressive President Teddy Roosevelt Teddy Roosevelt 1901-1909 1901-1909 Assertive, loud New York Governor – moved into VP position by Political Machine to get him out of NY Assertive, loud New York Governor – moved into VP position by Political Machine to get him out of NY Became president when McKinley assassinated Became president when McKinley assassinated Managed Natural Resources Managed Natural Resources National Park Systems & Reserves National Park Systems & Reserves Supervised Big Business Supervised Big Business Passed Sherman Anti-Trust Act Passed Sherman Anti-Trust Act Battled Monopolies Battled Monopolies Arbitration of Strikes Arbitration of Strikes Protected Consumers Protected Consumers Meat Inspection & Pure Food & Drug Acts Meat Inspection & Pure Food & Drug Acts More TALK than ACTION More TALK than ACTION Still really supported big business Still really supported big business

23. Progressive President #2 William Taft William Taft 1909-1913 1909-1913 Attacked trusts Attacked trusts Standard Oil & American Tobacco Standard Oil & American Tobacco Expanded National Forests Expanded National Forests Supported Workplace Safety Laws Supported Workplace Safety Laws Established Children ’ s Bureau Established Children ’ s Bureau Did more than Roosevelt, but less appreciated Did more than Roosevelt, but less appreciated

24. Progressive President #3 Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 1913-1921 Ran against Teddy Roosevelt w/ Bull Moose Party Ran against Teddy Roosevelt w/ Bull Moose Party Supported by Party Bosses, but attacked political corruption after elected Supported by Party Bosses, but attacked political corruption after elected “ New Freedom ” reduced tariffs, reformed banks, regulated trusts, protected workers “ New Freedom ” reduced tariffs, reformed banks, regulated trusts, protected workers

25. Limits to Progressivism Three Groups did not see progressive change or reform due to discrimination Three Groups did not see progressive change or reform due to discrimination

26. African Americans Jim Crow Laws in South Jim Crow Laws in South Discrimination & Racism in North Discrimination & Racism in North Plessy v. Ferguson Ruling Plessy v. Ferguson Ruling Separate but equal; was NOT equal Separate but equal; was NOT equal Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington Favored accommodation – work for acceptance from whites Favored accommodation – work for acceptance from whites Education important – opened Tuskegee Institute Education important – opened Tuskegee Institute WEB DuBois WEB DuBois Demand equality and rights through legal means Demand equality and rights through legal means Established NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) with Ida B. Wells & others Established NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) with Ida B. Wells & others Pres. Roosevelt did NOT support African Americans Pres. Roosevelt did NOT support African Americans Claimed they were inferior to whites Claimed they were inferior to whites

27. Immigrants Ideal image was of Melting Pot – great cooperative blend of races, religions, cultures, ethnicities into one society Ideal image was of Melting Pot – great cooperative blend of races, religions, cultures, ethnicities into one society Conflicts between cultures arose instead Conflicts between cultures arose instead Nativism – Protestant idea that those born in America were better than foreign born and should be favored in society Nativism – Protestant idea that those born in America were better than foreign born and should be favored in society Eugenics – movement to improve society by controlling the breeding of those seen as unfit Eugenics – movement to improve society by controlling the breeding of those seen as unfit Quotas established to limit newcomers Quotas established to limit newcomers

28. Workers & Radicals Labor Unions continued to lead strikes for improved conditions Labor Unions continued to lead strikes for improved conditions AFL (American Federation of Labor) grew to be largest union AFL (American Federation of Labor) grew to be largest union Used strikes to gain attention to problems Used strikes to gain attention to problems Often became violent Often became violent Radicals challenged Capitalism Radicals challenged Capitalism Socialist ideas introduced Socialist ideas introduced International Workers of the World led movements against progressives and favored complete change to government International Workers of the World led movements against progressives and favored complete change to government

29. Wrap-up Question Who do you think was most significant in bringing change to America during the Progressive era? Why?

30. Creating a Political Cartoon Political Cartoons use images instead of words to make an impact on Society. Choose a political, Social or economic issue from the 1800s to address through a political cartoon. Consider the elements of a Political Cartoon as you create yours. (Analyzing Political Cartoon Handout) Political Cartoons use images instead of words to make an impact on Society. Choose a political, Social or economic issue from the 1800s to address through a political cartoon. Consider the elements of a Political Cartoon as you create yours. (Analyzing Political Cartoon Handout) Topics could include: Topics could include: ImmigrationImmigration Tenements HousingTenements Housing Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage MonopoliesMonopolies The Political MachineThe Political Machine