1. ARE ALL ROCKS MINERALS?

2. HOW DOES MATTER CHANGE? LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER:
NO MATTER CAN BE CREATED OR DESTROYED
SOLID―›LIQUID:MELTING
LIQUID ―› GAS: EVAPORATION,BOILING
GAS ―› LIQUID: CONDENSATION
LIQUID ―› SOLID: FREEZING
SOLID ―› GAS: SUBLIMATION
GAS ―› SOLID: CRYSTALLIZATION

3. WHAT IS A MINERAL? NATURALLY OCCURRING: Formed by natural processes.
INORGANIC: Do not come from living organisms.
SOLIDS: All minerals are solid
DEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS: Each mineral has a unique composition (SiO2).
CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE: The atoms are arranged in regular geometric patterns.

4. HOW ARE MINERALS FORMED?
MINERALS FROM MAGMA: Minerals can form from cooling magma from volcanoes.
MINERALS FROM SOLUTIONS: In nature if a solution of water becomes supersaturated, or overfilled, mineral crystals will begin to precipitate, or drop out of the solution.

5. MAJOR CRYSTAL SYSTEMS CUBIC HEXAGONAL TETRAGONAL ORTHORHOMBIC
MONCLINIC
TRICLINIC

6. MINERAL GROUPS
SILICATES: Silicon + Oxygen + metals Make up 96% of all minerals
CARBONATES: CO3 + metals
SULFATES: SO4 + metals
OXIDES: Oxygen + metals
HALIDES: Halogens + metal
SULFIDES: Sulfur + metals

7. HOW DO WE IDENTIFY MINERALS?
COLOR: What color is the mineral?
LUSTER: Metallic or nonmetallic
TEXTURE: How does it feel?
STREAK: Rub a mineral across an unglazed porcelain tile, what color does it leave behind?
HARDNESS: One of the most useful tests, measures how easily a mineral can be scratched.

8. CLEAVAGE/FRACTURE: Cleavage is when a mineral splits evenly along one or more planes. Fracture occurs when a mineral breaks roughly, jagged along the edges because of tightly bonded atoms.
DENSITY & SPECIFIC GRAVITY: D = Mass/Volume; Specific gravity = ratio of weight of the substance/weight of equal volume of water at 4˚ C.

9. WHAT IS A GEM?
A RARE AND BEAUTIFUL
MINERAL OR ROCK
WHAT IS AN ORE?
A ROCK THAT CONTAINS MINERALS YOU CAN MINE FOR USE TO MAKE A PROFIT
(EXAMPLE: BAUXITE; AN ORE MINED FOR ALUMINUM TO MAKE SODA
CANS, POTS, PANS ETC.)