1. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 1 Status Update: the Focusing DIRC Prototype at SLAC Blair Ratcliff Blair Ratcliff Representing: I. Bedajanek, J Benitez, J. Coleman, C. Field, D.W.G.S. Leith, G. Mazaheri, M. McCulloch, B. Ratcliff, R. Reif, J. Schwiening, K. Suzuki, S Kononov, J. Uher.

2. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 2 Focusing DIRC Prototype Goals Work with manufacturers to develop and characterize one or more fast, pixelated photon detectors including; basic issues such as cross talk, tube lifetime, and absolute efficiency operation in 15 KG field Measure single photon Cherenkov angular resolution in a test beam use a prototype with a small expansion region and mirror focusing, instrumented with a a number of candidate pixelated photon detectors and fast (25 ps) timing electronics. demonstrate performance parameters demonstrate correction of chromatic production term via precise timing measure N 0 and timing performance of candidate detectors.

3. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 3 Prototype Optics Radiator 3.7m-long bar made from three spare high-quality BABAR-DIRC bars Expansion region coupled to radiator bar with small fused silica block filled with mineral oil (KamLand experiment) to match fused silica refractive index include optical fiber for electronics calibration would ultimately like to used solid fused silica block Focusing optics spherical mirror from SLD-CRID detector (focal length 49.2cm) Photon detector placed in fixed slots allowing easy replacement. typically using 2 Hamamatsu flat panel PMTs and 3 Burle MCP- PMTs in focal plane readout to CAMAC/VME electronics with 25 ps resolution. Limited number of channels available.

4. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 4 Burle 85011-501 MCP-PMT bialkali photocathode 25μm pore MCP gain ~5×10 5 timing resolution ~70ps 64 pixels (8×8), 6.5mm pitch Typical Scanning System results (Burle 85011-501)

5. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 5 Typical Scanning System Results (Hamamatsu H-8500) Hamamatsu H-8500 Flat Panel Multianode PMT bialkali photocathode 12 stage metal channel dynode gain ~10 6 timing resolution ~140ps 64 pixels (8×8), 6.1mm pitch

6. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 6 Beam Test Setup 10 GeV/c e- beam in End Station A at SLAC. Beam enters bar at 90º angle. 10 Hz pulse rate, approx. 0.1 particle per pulse Bar contained in aluminum support structure Beam enters through thin aluminum foil windows Bar can be moved along long bar axis to measure photon propagation time for various track positions Trigger signal provided by accelerator Fiber hodoscope (16+16 channels, 2mm pitch) measures 2D beam position and track multiplicity Cherenkov counter and scintillator measure event time Lead glass calorimeter selects single electrons All beam detectors read out via CAMAC (LeCroy ADCs and TDCs, Philips TDC, 57 channels in total) Mirror and oil-filled detector box: Movable bar support and hodoscope Start counters, lead glass Hodoscope Scintillator Cherenkov counter Calorimeter Radiator bar in support structure Prototype e – beam

7. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 7 Prototype Readout Photodetector backplanePMT with amplifiers For 2005 beam test read out two Hamamatsu Flat Panel PMTs and three Burle MCP-PMTs (total of 320 pads). Elantec 2075EL amplifier (130x) on detector backplane SLAC-built constant fraction discriminator Eight Philips 7186 TDCs (25ps/count) for 128 channels Four SLAC-built TDC boards: TAC & 12 bit ADC (~31ps/count) for 128 channels Connect only pads close to expected hit pattern of Cherenkov photons Calibration with PiLas laser diode (~35ps FWHM) to determine TDCs/ADCs channel delays and PMT uniformity Photodetector coverage in focal plane Simulated events in GEANT 4

8. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 8 Beam Test Data In July, August, and November 2005 we took beam data during five periods, lasting from few hours to several days. Total of 4.1M triggers recorded, 10 GeV/c e – Reconstructed 201k good single-track events Beam entered the radiator bar in 7 different locations. Recorded between 100k and 700k triggers in each beam location. Photon path length range: 0.75m – 11m. Occupancy for accepted events in single run, 400k triggers, 28k events Mirror Expansion region

9. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 9 Timing versus Beam Position Hit time distribution for single PMT pixel in three positions. Position 1 direct mirror reflection Position 4 Position 6 hit time (ns) Mirror Expansion region Position 1 Position 4 Position 6

10. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 10 Chromatic Broadening ΔTOP (ns) hit time (ns) Example: chromatic growth for one selected detector pixel in position 1 75cm path 870cm path σ narrow ≈ 170ps σ narrow ≈420ps First peak ~75cm photon path length Second peak ~870cm photon path length Important: careful calibration of all TDC channels to translate counts into ps Use accelerator trigger signal as event time Calculate the time of propagation assuming average ≈410nm Plot ΔTOP: measured minus expected time of propagation Fit to double-Gaussian Observe clear broadening of timing peak for mirror-reflected photons calculate from reco

11. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 11 Cherenkov Angle Resolution

12. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 12 Burle MCP-PMT with 10 micron holes: sensitivity to magnetic field angular rotation wrt z axis ( B = 15kG)

13. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 13 Timing in Magnetic Field (B=15 Kg)

14. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 14 Summary Photon detector performance continues to be improved by manufacturers, and is approaching the required level for timing resolution, and single photon efficiency. Burle MCP-PMT detectors with 10 micron holes have acceptable gain and timing resolution in magnetic fields up to 15 KG. Single photon Cherenkov angular resolution performance of DIRC prototype in timing mode looks fine, and meets MC expectations. A fast DIRC is operationally challenging. Calibration is and will be a major issue. We hope that many of the basic performance issues will be addressed during the next year with the prototype.   Many photon detector questions remain: Geometry, aging, rate capability, cross talk, sensitivity to magnetic field, quantum efficiency, reliability, electronics, number of channels, and cost.

15. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 15 Additional Slides

16. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 16 Data Set run 1 position 4 5,590 tracks run 4 position 7 8 tracks run 7 position 1 31,561 tracks run 10 position 5 5,107 tracks run 13 position 3 36,880 tracks run 2 position 4 4,650 tracks run 3 position 1 9,651 tracks run 6 position 6 22,911 tracks run 9 position 3 5,058 tracks run 12 position 1 31,914 tracks run 5 position 7 4,126 tracks run 8 position 2 6.232 tracks run 11 position 4 20,414 tracks run 14 position 5 17,475 tracks Photon Pathlength in bar [cm] Most of the data taken in positions 1, 3, 4, 5, 6

17. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 17 Beam Detectors z coordinate (cm) x coordinate (cm) Hodoscope: single track hit map Cherenkov counter: corrected event time Lead glass: single track ADC distribution Corrected time (ns) Energy (ADC counts) doubles π –π – e – σ narrow ≈50ps

18. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 18 Cherenkov Angle Resolution θ c from time of propagation θ c from time of pixels σ narrow ≈7.1mrad σ≈13mrad Position 1, mirror-reflected photons (longest photon path)

19. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 19 Hamamatsu H-9500 Hamamatsu H-9500 Flat Panel Multianode PMT bialkali photocathode 12 stage metal channel dynode gain ~10 6 typical timing resolution ~220ps 256 pixels (16×16), 3 mm pitch custom readout board – read out as 4×16 channels σ narrow ≈220ps Efficiency relative to Photonis PMT, 440nm, H-9500 at -1000V

20. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 20 BABAR-DIRC Resolution Limits Photon yield:18-60 photoelectrons per track (depending on track polar angle) Typical PMT hit rates:200kHz/PMT (few-MeV photons from accelerator interacting in water) Timing resolution:1.7ns per photon (dominated by transit time spread of ETL 9125 PMT) Cherenkov angle resolution: 9.6mrad per photon → 2.4mrad per track Limited by BABAR-DIRC Improvement strategy Size of bar image ~ 4.1mrad ~ 4.1mrad Focusing optics Size of PMT pixel ~ 5.5mrad ~ 5.5mrad Smaller pixel size Chromaticity (n=n( )) ~ 5.4mrad ~ 5.4mrad Better timing resolution Focusing DIRC prototype designed to achieve 4-5mrad  c resolution per photon, 3σ π/K separation up to ~ 5GeV/c

21. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 21 Chromatic Effects Chromatic effect at Cherenkov photon productioncos  c = 1/n(λ)  n(λ) refractive (phase) index of fused silica n=1.49…1.46 for photons observed in BABAR-DIRC (300…650nm) →  c γ = 835…815mrad Larger Cherenkov angle at production results in shorter photon path length → 10-20cm path effect for BABAR-DIRC (UV photons shorter path) Chromatic time dispersion during photon propagation in radiator bar Photons propagate in dispersive medium with group index n g for fused silica: n / n g = 0.95…0.99 Chromatic variation of n g results in time-of-propagation (ΔTOP) variation ΔTOP= | –L d  / c 0 · d 2 n/d 2 | (L: photon path, d  wavelength bandwidth) → 1-3ns ΔTOP effect for BABAR-DIRC (net effect: UV photons arrive later)

22. Blair Ratcliff2 nd Workshop on SuperB, Frascati, March 2006 22Reconstruction Precisely measured detector pixel coordinates and beam parameters. → Pixel with hit (x det, y det, t hit ) defines 3D propagation vector in bar and Cherenkov photon properties (assuming average )  x,  y, cos  cos  cos  L path, n bounces,  c,  c, t propagation