1. Deontological Ethics Is saving someone from drowning a morally praiseworthy act? Do motives play any role in whether an act is morally praiseworthy?

2. Deontological Ethics Ethical theory that judges the moral rightness of an act in terms of the intrinsic moral value of the act itself Ethical theory that judges the moral rightness of an act in terms of the intrinsic moral value of the act itself

3. Deontological Ethics Immanuel Kant is the most notable proponent of deontological ethics Immanuel Kant is the most notable proponent of deontological ethics “Nothing can be called good without qualification except the good will” “Nothing can be called good without qualification except the good will” Intentions matter Intentions matter

4. Kantian Ethics -- Moral worth of an act is not dependant upon its consequences -- An act has moral worth if it is done for the sake of the moral law

5. Kantian Ethics Hypothetical Imperative – A rule that tells us what means to use to achieve a desires end Hypothetical Imperative – A rule that tells us what means to use to achieve a desires end

6. Kantian Ethics Categorical Imperative - A rule that tells us without qualifications what we should do Categorical Imperative - A rule that tells us without qualifications what we should do What is the moral law? The Categorical Imperative The Categorical Imperative

7. Kantian Ethics The Categorical Imperative (Kant’s Unconditional Moral Law) Two Versions Two Versions First Version “Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become universal law.”

8. Kantian Ethics First Version * State the maxim (rule) on the basis of which you are planning to act * Formulate the maxim in terms of a universal law * See if you can rationally will that everyone follow this universal maxim

9. Kantian Ethics Second Version “Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only” “Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only”

10. Kantian Ethics

11. Second Version This rule states that we must treat people (including ourselves) as ends in themselves, rather than as things with instrumental value to be used for someone else’s purpose.” This rule states that we must treat people (including ourselves) as ends in themselves, rather than as things with instrumental value to be used for someone else’s purpose.”

12. Kantian Ethics What if duties conflict?

13. Natural Law Theory Right actions are those that accord with the moral principles that we can discover in the very structure of nature itself. Right actions are those that accord with the moral principles that we can discover in the very structure of nature itself.

14. Natural Law Theory St. Thomas Aquinas ( 1225-1274) St. Thomas Aquinas ( 1225-1274) --preservation of human life --preservation of human life --avoidance of harm --avoidance of harm --reproduction and care of offspring --reproduction and care of offspring --the search for truth --the search for truth --the nurturing of social ties --the nurturing of social ties

15. Natural Laws Conflicts can be resolved by applying the doctrine of double effect. Conflicts can be resolved by applying the doctrine of double effect. Doctrine of Double Effect: Principle that performing a good action may be permissible even if it has bad effects, but performing a bad action for the purpose of achieving good effects is never permissible. Doctrine of Double Effect: Principle that performing a good action may be permissible even if it has bad effects, but performing a bad action for the purpose of achieving good effects is never permissible.

16. The Doctrine of Double Effect More formally, an action is permissible if four requirements are met: More formally, an action is permissible if four requirements are met: 1. The action is inherently either morally good or morally neutral. 1. The action is inherently either morally good or morally neutral. 2. The bad effect is not used to produce the good effect. 2. The bad effect is not used to produce the good effect. 3. The intention must always be to bring about the good effect. 3. The intention must always be to bring about the good effect. 4. The good effect must be at least as important as the bad effect. 4. The good effect must be at least as important as the bad effect.