1. MILITARY SIMULATIONS
Note: inclusion of particular simulation models in this discussion is based solely on the availability of information on the internet. No endorsement or preference is implied.

2. VERY GENERAL TOPIC Combat Logistics network (supply distribution)
On the ground
In the air
Seconds to months
Logistics network (supply distribution)
Personnel management
Financial flows
Medical care
Satellite surveillance
Water production
Political change
Economic growth
Document production

3. Combat Simulation Model Pyramid
SYSTEM/ENGINEERING
PLATFORM
FORCE ON FORCE
WARFARE
MISSION
CAMPAIGN
Higher Resolution Models at Bottom

4. BASIC FUNCTIONS Entities move on some defined motion space
Terrain and terrain feature modeling
2D or 3D space
Network
Something even simpler
Entity as a point mass, shape, or more sophisticated
Entities detect one another
Bump into one another
Sensor modeled as a circle
Line of sight, signature propagation, antenna gain pattern
Tracking things you sense, sharing that knowledge
Opposing entities engage
Attrition over time
Individual salvos of weapons
Hits on the skin of the target

5. COSMOS OBJECTIVE SCOPE EXPLICITLY CONSIDERS
PROVIDES A CAPABILITY TO ASSESS THE PERFORMANCE OF A WIDE VARIETY OF SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES
SCOPE
NATIONAL, THEATER, AND ORGANIC ASSETS
SENSORS, C4I ELEMENTS AND WEAPON SYSTEMS
SINGLE PLATFORM UP TO A LARGE SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS
SPACE, AIR, NAVAL, AND GROUND-BASED PLATFORMS
EXPLICITLY CONSIDERS
PLATFORM OPERATIONS
SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE
TARGET SIGNATURES AND BEHAVIORS
PROCESSING, EXPLOITATION AND DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION
COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORK INFORMATION FLOW

6. COSMOS AREAS MODELED: COMMUNICATION LINKS C3 ARCHITECTURE
ISR COLLECTION SYSTEMS - SIGINT, IMINT, IR, EO, MTI
MULTI-SENSOR FUSION, TERRAIN MASKING
LINE OF SIGHT
IMINT
Photo systems
Electro-optical
Video
Synthetic Aperture Radar
SAR/MTI
SIGINT
ELINT
RADAR IR
SWIR, MWIR, LWIR
OBJECTIVE
PROVIDE A CAPABILITY TO ASSESS THE PERFORMANCE OF A WIDE VARIETY OF SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES
SCOPE
NATIONAL, THEATER, AND ORGANIC ASSETS
SENSORS, C4I ELEMENTS AND WEAPON SYSTEMS
SINGLE PLATFORM UP TO A LARGE SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS
SPACE, AIR, NAVAL, AND GROUND-BASED PLATFORMS
EXPLICITLY CONSIDERS
PLATFORM OPERATIONS
SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE
TARGET SIGNATURES AND BEHAVIORS
PROCESSING, EXPLOITATION AND DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION
COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORK INFORMATION FLOW
COSMOS ALLOWS FLEXIBILITY IN DEFINING STUDY FIDELITY…
ATTACK OPERATIONS (I.E. TEL HUNT)
TARGETS: INDIVIDUAL VEHICLES
INDIVIDUAL SENSORS & ISR PLATFORMS
ENTIRE C3 NETWORK, WITH CONSIDERATION GIVEN TO BANDWIDTH AND THROUGHPUT
MAJOR THEATER OF WAR
TARGETS: COMPANY-LEVEL RESOLUTION
AGGREGATE C3 NETWORK

7. EXTENDED AIR DEFENSE SIMULATION (EADSIM)
ANALYTICAL MODEL OF AIR WARFARE AND MISSILE DEFENSE
USED FOR SCENARIOS FROM FEW-ON-FEW TO MANY-ON-MANY
BALLISTIC AND AIR-BREATHING THREATS
SEA, LAND AND AIR TBMD SYSTEMS
MODELS COORDINATION AND INTERACTION AMONG SYSTEMS
DEVELOPED FOR US ARMY SPACE AND STRATEGIC DEFENSE COMMAND
EXTENSIVE OUTPUT INCLUDE INTERCEPT, LEAKER, TRACK HISTORY, AND INTERCEPT FLYOUT DATA

8. EADSIM ENGAGEMENT- TO THEATER-LEVEL ANALYSIS
SCOPE
ENGAGEMENT- TO THEATER-LEVEL ANALYSIS
ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS, AND PLATFORMS ARE MODELED
SPACE, AIR, NAVAL, AND GROUND PLATFORMS AVAILABLE
AREAS MODELED:
AIR DEFENSE: SAM, AAA
OFFENSIVE AIR OPS: DCA, OCA, CAS, SEAD, TBMD
ATTACK OPS: SURVEILLANCE, C2, SURF TO SURF, AIR TO GROUND
CONSIDERATIONS
ENGAGEMENTS: AIR-TO-AIR, AIR-TO-SURFACE, AND SURFACE-TO-AIR
PLATFORMS: ELEMENT AND SYSTEM DYNAMICS, SENSORS, COMMS, NETWORKING
WEAPONS: PK, RCS, IR SIGNATURE, FLIGHT PATH (IN 3-D), RELIABILITIES, ETC.

9. TACWAR AVENUE OF APPROACH (AXIS) RED FORCES
(DIVISION OR BRIGADE LEVEL)
USER-DEFINED
SECTORS
INLAND
SECTOR
CENTRAL SECTOR
COASTAL
SECTOR 50
100
150
MOEs:
FORWARD EDGE OF THE BATTLE AREA (FEBA) MOVEMENT
TIME TO HALT THE INVASION
RED/BLUE LOSSES KM
200
250
300
COMPLETELY AUTOMATED, DETERMINISTIC, THEATER-LEVEL SIMULATION
USED TO ASSESS THE INTERACTION OF CONVENTIONAL GROUND FORCES AND AIR AND NAVAL AIR SUPPORT FORCES IN A VARIETY OF COMBAT ENGAGEMENTS AT THE CAMPAIGN LEVEL
MOST SUITABLE FOR ANALYSIS OF FORCE-ON-FORCE AT THE DIVISION OR BRIGADE LEVEL
TACWAR OPERATES ON A FIXED 12-HOUR CYCLE
USES A COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR LOCATING GROUND UNITS BASED ON USER-DEFINED SECTORS, CONSISTING OF BATTLE AREAS OF VARIABLE WIDTHS THAT COVER THE AREA OF INTEREST IN THEATER
SECTORS ARE CONFIGURED ALONG LIKELY AVENUES OF APPROACH/AXES OF ADVANCE
THE FORWARD EDGE OF THE BATTLE AREA (FEBA) IS LOCATED BETWEEN OPPOSING FORCES
ATTRITION TAKES PLACE AS UNITS MOVE TO THE FEBA AND ENTER THE COMBAT ENGAGEMENT ZONE (CEZ)
350
400
COMBAT ENGAGEMENT ZONE
(CEZ)
450
500
550
BLUE FORCES
(DIVISION OR BRIGADE LEVEL)

10. GENERALIZED CAMPAIGN ANALYSIS MODEL (GCAM)
THREAT FORCES
BUILDUP OF USA
AND USMC FORCES
ASHORE OVER TIME
MINE THREAT
USAF AND USMC AIR
OPERATIONS
NAVAL FORCES
LOCATION AND
MOVEMENT
LAND-BASED AND
SEA-BASED TBMD
FORCES
LOGISTICS
SUPPORT

11. GCAM INITIAL CONDITIONS BLUE OOB, FORCE FLOW, AND CONOPS
PROGRAM OF RECORD, DPG SCENARIOS, MSFD, N816/IWAR REVIEW
THREAT OOB AND CONOPS
DIA AND ONI INTEL ESTIMATES, DPG SCENARIOS, MSFD
PLATFORM/SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
WARFARE CENTER AND IN-HOUSE DATABASES AND MODELING RESULTS
WEAPONS PERFORMANCE
NUWC MODELING RESULTS
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
NAVY ACOUSTIC DATABASES AND MODELS
SCENARIO-SPECIFIC MARITIME CAMPAIGN MODEL - APPLICATION OF GCAM

12. ANALYSIS TOOL (FORSAT)
FORCE STRUCTURE
ANALYSIS TOOL (FORSAT)
GLOBAL NAVAL
FORCES STATUS
MULTIPLE CRISES

13. THUNDER
TARGETS
WEAPON
RELEASE
Take Off
FLOT
EGRESS
INTERCEPT
Flight Group
Join-up
Models aircraft sorties for air-to-air and ground attack, models the target as a point, includes air command and control, weapons, timing.

14. Satellite Tool Kit (STK) models surveillance of the air and ground (optical, signals, signatures) using physics-based models of propagation.

15. OneSAF Army simulation
Entities are individual combatants (tanks, trucks, soldiers)
SAF = Semi-autonomous Force

16. GAMES AND SIMULATIONS

17. FEDERATION
Management
Operation
System
Management
System
Operation
Data
Models
Models
Communications
Data
Communications
Management
System
Operation
Models
Data
Communications
Interoperability establishes ‘fair fight’ & seamless simulation.