1. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 1 CVUT-JBRC Scope Experimental Facilities – General Features – InGAS Customizing Simulation Facilities – Overview of Engine Models Layout – InGAS usability EF (WPB0.4) – Calibration Data Basic Adjustment Initial Evaluation of Fuel Blend Behavior SF (WPB0.2) -In-house Model OBEH Recalculation of HR Patterns GT-Power Model Tuning 2-zone Approach – Knock Tendency Description

2. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 2 CVUT-JBRC Experimental Facilities Engine Features: Compression Ratio: 12 Up to 20 bar BMEP Boost pressure up to 1.4 barg 4  102/120 Testing Engine = 1 (Closed Loop) or Lean Burn VGT Cooled EGR up to 20 % Test Bench Equipment: DC Dynamometer Complete DAQ Gas Analyzers – Exhaust / Intake TPA (Cylinder, Turbine – Inlet/Outlet) Instantaneous Speed – Engine, Turbo Knock Recognition/Quantification

3. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 3 CVUT-JBRC Experimental Facilities Additional Fuel A Additional Fuel B TNG SetPoint   Feedback Test Bench Computer On-line Controllable Delivery of Max. of 2 Fuel Additives into Intake Manifold

4. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 4 CVUT-JBRC Experimental Facilities 4  102/110 Engine Engine features: Compression Ratio: 10 Low BMEP Low Boost Pressure Uncontrolled Turbocharger = 1 (Closed Loop) or Lean Burn No EGR Experimental Equipment: AC (W-E) Dynamometer (No Closed Loop Control) Complete DAQ TPA (Intake/Cylinder/Exhaust “Close to Cylinder” Arrangement) Controllable Delivery of Fuel Additives (Sampling of Working Substance from Cylinder during Compression Stroke) Appropriate for: Emulation of “Low Cost” Version; “Steady State” Knock; Preliminary Testing;

5. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 5 CVUT-JBRC Simulation Means OBEH (= CYCLE) – In-House Engine Working Cycle Model Source Code Written in FORTRAN (DOS Based) 0-D Description of Working Substance Behavior Inside the Cylinder by Differential Equations Description of Engine Manifold and Accessory (Including Turbo) by Algebraic Equation Inertia of Gas Bulk Flows NOT Involved Basics: HR Description by Vibe’s Function Czallner – Woschni Recalculation Formulas Heat Transfer Selectable Woschni’s and/or Eichelberg’s Dedicated Among Other for Use in Education Activities Supplements: Temperature of Unburned Zone & Ignition Lag Automated Tuning/Optimization – Pre & Post Processing (Excel-Based) In-House HR Recalculation Routine

6. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 6 CVUT-JBRC Simulation Means GT-Power – Commercial Engine Model (JBRC = Official Partner of Gamma Technologies) Version: 6.2 1-D Engine(s) Geometry Imposed According to Physical Reality 102/120 Engine => Turbine & Compressor Maps Obtained from TC Manufacturer Calibration Data: Set of Engine Integrated Parameters Angle-Resolved Patterns of: In-Cylinder Pressure Manifold Pressure Turbo Speed

7. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 7 CVUT-JBRC Simulation Means Knock Recognition/Quantification Routine Experimental Data Model Calibration Knock Evaluation Experimental Verification

8. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 8 CVUT-JBRC Full Load Curve Proposal

9. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 9 CVUT-JBRC Full Load Curve Proposal

10. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 10 CVUT-JBRC Full Load Curve Proposal

11. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 11 CVUT-JBRC Full Load Curve Proposal

12. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 12 CVUT-JBRC Full Load Curve WG -- VGT

13. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 13 CVUT-JBRC -control Adjustment

14. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 14 CVUT-JBRC CO2 Addition – Initial Evaluation

15. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 15 CVUT-JBRC CO2 Addition – Initial Evaluation

16. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 16 CVUT-JBRC CO2 Addition – Initial Evaluation

17. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 17 CVUT-JBRC OBEH – HR Recalculation Strategy OBEH – Recalculation of HR Pattern for Various Operational Conditions f i, g i and h i are polynomial functions of: Air excess Pressure and temperature at 60° bTDC Residual gas (+EGR) fraction (?) Ignition timing Engine speed Proven Usable for Various Fuel Compositions Providing: Reference cycle for Given Fuel is Available Implemented into GT-Power Simulation

18. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 18 CVUT-JBRC GT-Power Model Layout Three Pressure Analysis – TPA (Single Cylinder Model 4  102/110) Measured Intake Port Static Pressure Measured In-cylinder Pressure Measured Exhaust Port Static Pressure Sampled TPA Outputs p cyl, T cyl, T unb, T burn, m cyl, Mass fractions

19. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 19 CVUT-JBRC GT-Power – TPA Calibration Three Pressure Analysis – Results 1600 rpm, = 1, W.O.T.

20. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 20 bmep = 10.2 bar bmep = 2.1 bar CVUT-JBRC GT-Power – TPA Calibration Three Pressure Analysis – Results – 1600 rpm, = 1

21. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 21 CVUT-JBRC GT-Power - Layout 4  102/120 Engine Model

22. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 22 CVUT-JBRC GT-Power – Calibration Engine model Calibration Full Load Curves, VTG margins, Lean Burn min rack pos. max rack pos.

23. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 23 CVUT-JBRC GT-Power – Calibration Engine model Calibration Full Load Curves, VTG margins, = 1 intake manifold cylinder

24. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 24 CVUT-JBRC GT-Power Calibration TPA Results 4  102/120 Engine

25. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 25 CVUT-JBRC Knock Description Various types of knock models - chemical mechanism - empirical induction-time correlations Autoignition occurs when Calls for: –Empirical relations for induction time for methane (Constants A and B ) –Definition of end-gas temperature is crucial (Angle-Resolved Pattern of T )

26. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 26 CVUT-JBRC Knock Description CHEMKIN3 Calculation (GRI-Mech3.0 Reaction Mechanism - 53 components/325 reaction)

27. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 27 CVUT-JBRC Knock Description End Gas Temperature Determination Direct GT-Power Output OBEH Output – Calculation Routine Based on 1 st Law of Thermodynamics Uses Layer Thickness and its Heat Conductivity Simplified Two-Zone Mean Temperature Model (Brunt, SAE Paper 981 052):  =1.338-6  10 -5.T+1  10 -8.T 2

28. INGAS 6 months Meeting, Prague, 25-26 May, 2009 INGAS INtegrated GAS Powertrain 28 CVUT-JBRC Knock Description