1. Dr. Matthew’s Western Civilization to 1648
The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century (Chapter 11)
Dr. Matthew’s Western Civilization to 1648

2. Timeline

3. A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis
“Little Ice Age”
Small drop in average temperatures
Famine
Heavy rain (1315 – 1317) led to food shortages
Population growth up to 1300 put pressure on food supply

4. The Black Death Most devastating natural disaster in European History
Bubonic Plague
Rats and Fleas
Yersinia Pestis
Spread of the Plague
Originated in Asia
Arrived in Europe in 1347
Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas
Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European population (19 – 38 million dead in four years)
Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369

5. Map 11.1: Spread of the Black Death

6. Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague
Plague as a punishment from God
The flagellants
Attacks against Jews
Violence

7. Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval
Labor Shortage + Falling prices for agricultural products = Drop in aristocratic incomes
Statute of Laborers (1351) sought to limit wages
Social Mobility
Peasant Revolts
Jacquerie in France (1358)
English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
Revolts in the Cities
Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378)

8. Chart 11.1: Background to the Hundred Years’ War: Kings of France and England

9. The Hundred Years’ War Causes Conduct and Course of the War
Entanglement of French and English royal families
King Edward III (1327 – 1377) claims French crown
French seize duchy of Gascony (1337) sparking war
Conduct and Course of the War
Differences in the armies
Battle of Crecy (1346)
Henry V (1413 – 1422)
Battle of Agincourt (1415)
Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne)
Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431)
Siege of Orleans
Captured by allies of the English in 1430
Burned at the stake (1431)
Gunpowder
War ends with French victory (1453)

10. Map 11.2: The Hundred Years’ War

11. Political Instability
Breakdown of Feudal Institutions
Scutage
New Royal Dynasties
Financial Problems
Parliaments gain power

12. The Growth of England’s Political Institutions
Edward III (1327 – 1377)
Parliament
House of Lords
House of Commons
Richard II (1377 – 1399)
Aristocratic factionalism
Henry IV (1399 – 1413)
Deposed Richard II

13. The Problems of the French Kings
Weakness of the French Monarchy
Estates-General
1357 meeting
Charles VI (1380 – 1422)
Competition between the dukes of Burgundy and Orléans to control Charles

14. Germany & Italy The German Monarchy Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire
Hundreds of States
Elective Monarchy
The Golden Bull (1356)
Weak kings

15. The States of Italy The States of Italy Lack of centralized authority
Republicanism to Tyranny
Development of regional states
Milan
Florence
Venice

16. The Ponte Vecchio – Venice

17. The Decline of the Church
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State
Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303)
Conflict with Philip the Fair of France
Unam Sanctam (1302)
Captured by French at Anagni
Clement V (1305 – 1314)
The Papacy at Avignon (1305 – 1377)
Stay at Avignon leads to a decline in papal prestige
Captives of the French monarchy
New sources of revenue
Catherine of Siena (c – 1380)

18. Bridge at Avignon – The City of the Popes

19. The Great Schism Papacy returns to Rome in 1378 Rival popes elected
Pope Urban VI
Pope Clement VII
The Great Schism divides Europe
Calls for systematic reform
Marsiglio of Padua (c – 1342), Defender of the Peace
Conciliarism
Council of Pisa (1409)
Deposed both popes and elected a new pope
Popes refuse to step down
Results in three popes
Council of Constance (1414 – 1418)
End of the Schism
Pope Martin V (1417 – 1431)

20. Popular Religion Trends Mysticism and Lay Piety
Mechanical paths to salvation
Mysticism and Lay Piety
Meister Eckhart (1260 – 1327)
Modern Devotion
Gerard Groote (1340 – 1384) and the Brothers of the Common Life
Unique Female Mystical Experiences

21. Changes in Theology Challenges to Scholastic Thought
William of Occam (1285 – 1329)
Nominalism
Consequences of William’s ideas

22. The Development of Vernacular Literature and New Directions in Art
Dante (1265 – 1321)
The Divine Comedy
Petrarch (1304 – 1374)
Sonnets
Boccaccio (1313 – 1375)
Decameron
Chaucer (c – 1400)
The Canterbury Tales
Christine de Pizan (c – 1430)
The Book of the City of Ladies
Art and the Black Death
Giotto (1266 – 1337)
Morbidity of late fourteenth-century art

23. Giotto, Lamentation

24. Change & Invention Changes in Urban Life New Directions in Medicine
Greater Regulation
Marriage
Gender Roles
Male: active and domineering
Women: passive and submissive
Medieval children
New Directions in Medicine
Hierarchy
Trends
Inventions and New Patterns
The mechanical clock
New conception of time
Gunpowder and cannons

25. A Medical Textbook

26. Mechanical Clock in the Prague Town Hall