1. Bangalore, India,17-18 December 2012 Teaching standardization to Engineers - CMI experience Knud Erik Skouby, Professor, CMI/ Aalborg University skouby@cmi.aau.dk Joint ITU-GISFI Workshop on “Bridging the Standardization Gap: Workshop on Sustainable Rural Communications” (Bangalore, India, 17-18 December 2012)

2. Standardisation Standards are specifications that determine the compatibility of different products (also minimum quality and reference standards) Standardisation is the process where standards are agreed What/ why do we teach to engineers?

3. Basics of the ‘Information Society’ The rapid technological change has highlighted the strong link between technological standards, innovation, market performance and economic welfare The ability to communicate electronically is the foundation Standards enable the electronic communication

4. 2012 INFO SOCIETY Aalborg, Denmark, 8-9 October 2012 4

5. All people will be served with wireless devices Affordable to purchase and operate Calm computing: technology invisible to users Machine to machine communications Sensors and tags: e.g. in transport and weather systems, infrastructure, to provide ambient intelligence and context sensitivity All devices are part of the (mobile) internet WWRF -2020 Vision: 7 trillion wireless devices serving 7 billion people

6. 6 7 Trillion Devices in a decade Knowledge from Data – O2O Tags Personalized medicine Smart meters Objects Sensors

7. Aalborg, Denmark, 8-9 October 20127 Need for standards Technology: Interworking/interoperability/overall architecture is a must Socio-economics: Prevention of Market failures Information asymmetry Externalities Development of ‘Natural’ monopoly IPR: Intellectual Property Right Patent Copyright Design registration

8. Aalborg, Denmark, 8-9 October 20128 Students need to understand the elements – and the relations – in standardization Institutions Drivers/ barriers Processes Impact

9. Aalborg, Denmark, 8-9 October 20129 Institutions Old Regime: ITU National sovereignty Joint provision Interoperability via negotiated standards Present regime Hyper fragmented -and volatile- “standards market” Myriad of agents in the standardization process (SDOs, forums, companies) ICT standards specified in “islands” End to end monolithic standards are “last millenium” GTSC GRSC

10. POLICY MARKET TECHNOLOGY Drivers/ Barriers in standards Digitalization Computerization Packet based Switching Mobile Next Generation Networks (NGN) Convergence & converged services Ambient ICT Techno-economic efficiency Cost / prices Tech development New infrastructures and services Enabling of changes Competitive environment Creation of adequate infrastructures and services User empowerment Application s RegulationServices I nternet Protocol (IP )

11. Standardization Proces(ses)

12. Impact: Winner factors – ‘acceptable’?  Be first  Luck / coincidence  Co-operation with complementary producers  Might be the best product, but  Lock-in  QWERTY as an example  Path dependence / hysterisis  Market failure or ?

13. Impact Paradox?  Freedom  Creativity  Dynamics  Stability  Order  Routine „In fact, fast-changing economies have a greater need for standards and norms.”

14. A WLL low-cost, low-energy solar panel powered Sept. 3-5, 2012 14

15. Evergrowing Spectrum Demand Work starting to calculate demand in preparation for WRC 2015 Not adequate VHF/ UHF bands available Possible solutions Sharing Satellite occupies 3600 – 4200 MHz Lower Broadcasting bands Or Research new technology techniques

16. Key success factors complexity/costbackhaul requirements business models and usage scenarios spectrum and standardisation Efficient signalling Realistic deployment scenarios and performance evaluation System architecture aspects and backward compatibility Cross layer optimisation

17. CMI course on standardization Bangalore, India,17-18 December 2012 17 9 topics are examined in the course: Economics of standards Taxonomy of standards Standardization organizations and processes Standards and innovation Standardization strategies Standards and business models Standards and IPR Standardization and regulation EU approach to standardization and certification

18. Economics and taxonomy Bangalore, India,17-18 December 2012 18 The course combines a technology view on standards with an economics and policy approach with focus on economics. The economics of standards are examined with respect to how standards develop in the markets and what their implications are for market developments. At the taxonomy level, the issues of reference, minimum standards, and compatibility standards are dealt with. The course primarily focuses on compatibility standards clarifying also the difference between de facto and de jure standards.

19. Standardization organizations and processes & Standards and innovation Bangalore, India,17-18 December 2012 19 Following the differentiation between de facto and de jure standards, the categories of standardization setting organization are studied: official standardization organizations; professional organizations; Internet organizations; standardization forums. Furthermore, the processes in the different types of organizations are presented. The mentioned ‘contradiction’ between innovation and the implementation of standards is discussed: standards can be seen as generic and necessary platforms for new innovations to occur.

20. Standardization strategies & business models Bangalore, India,17-18 December 2012 20 Depending on their position in the markets, the different players may have different interests in promoting standards. Large companies will have an interest in promoting their own standards and may form alliances with other companies in order to further their interests. Examples of standards ‘wars’ are examined. The technology design is an important part of business models. There is, therefore, interdependence between the business models implemented and the technology standards applied. The extent to which specific standards determine the specific business models is discussed.

21. Standards, IPR & regulation Bangalore, India,17-18 December 2012 21 Part of the standardization strategies relate to the establishment of intellectual property right, patents –and in the case of software, first and foremost copyright. The manner in which IPRs affect the standardization processes is dealt with. Most de jure standards are voluntary. But some standards also become mandatory regulations. In the course, the relationship between standards and regulations are examined.

22. EU approach to standardization and certification Bangalore, India,17-18 December 2012 22 In order to promote the Internal Market, the European Union has implemented procedures to secure a common approach to standardization and certification in general. The EU approach is examined in order to get a broader view on standardization than the issue of compatibility standards.

23. Conclusions and Recommendations Standardization @ universities: an academic discipline Theory Methodology Data/ facts Understand the process Complicated Not ‘in it self’/ by nature It is multidisciplinary Research needed Aalborg, Denmark, 8-9 October 201223

24. ”Wireless Mobile Communications from WW1 (Sommes 1918) The use of pigeons Was not cancelled From the Danish Military Budget until 1995