2. Why Design: Its Challenges What is design? Designing : An activity which consists of thinking before acting. Design takes place in a world of interpretation. Design is anticipation. Design is seeking alternatives. Design is anticipating consequences.

3. Self Images of Designers 1.Designer as Artist a. Is the producer of fine art. b. “Space” is the medium of expression c. Values are based on self expression.

4. Designer as Builder a.Knows how to deal with everyday problems codes, budgets, schedules, materials b.Strong practical and technical interests. c.Are the designers who get things made/built.

5. Designer as Coordinator a.Manages a group of specialist. b.Complex is the favorite word. c.Know a little about a lot. d.Choreographs the high powered, narrow view of specialist.

6. Designer as Entrepreneur a.Design as commodity. b.Quality based on market. c.Speculative action

7. Designer as Healer a.Good environments make healthy people. b.See the environment as a social illness. c.Social problems solved by better buildings/places.

8. Designer as Planner a.Design buildings like one would design an airplane. b.FFF-Form follows function. c.Making is a technical problem solving activity. d.Buildings should be programmed by their function.

9. A Definition of Design Designing is an activity, aiming at the production of plans, which if executed are expected to lead to a situation with desired properties, and without undesired, unforeseen side or after effects.  Design as activity, not a product.  Aims at something– is purposeful.  Plan as a set of instruction.

10. Styles of Design Style 1: Routine Behavior ChallengeResolution

11. Style 2: Trial and Error ChallengePartial Resolution Test Feedback Yes No Resolution

12. Style 3: Criteria for Judgment Challenge Alternatives New challenge Resolution Feedback

13. The Knowledge of the Designer  Factual Knowledge – knowledge of how the world is.  Deontic Knowledge – knowledge of what ought to be.  Explanatory Knowledge – knowledge of why something is.  Instrumental Knowledge – how to knowledge.  Conceptural Knowledge – symbols and conventions.

14. Nature of Design Problems Two Types of Problems/Challenges a.Tame Challenges 1. Have an exhaustive definition 2. Ends and Goals well defined 3. Examples: puzzles, math equations, models b. Wicked Challenges 1. No exhauxtive definition 2. Formulation same as resolution 3. Examples: social, political, design, and planning

15. Design Challenge Characteristics  Wicked challenges have no exhaustive formulation.  The formulation is identical to the resolution.  Every wicked challenges can be considered a symptom of another wicked challenge.  Wicked challenges have no stopping rules.  Wicked challenges have many explanations for discrepancies.

16.  Wicked challenges have no test of correctness.  Wicked challenges are one-shot observations.  Wicked challenges have no list of permissible procedures, rules, operations, etc.  Wicked challenge resolvers have not right to make an error. Characteristics continued

17. The Beginnings of the Studio Appearance in Egypt and Greece Master crafts people The studio/workshop Romans elevate architecture New theoretical underpinnings (Vitruvius) Hydraulics and other forms of engineering

18. The Renaissance Formal academic instruction Kinship of design and liberal arts Drawing Geometry Perspective Classic Orders Master Apprentice model Separation of studio and lectures/seminars Royal Academy of Architecture,France 1670 French Royal Academy in Rome 1700 Ecole des Beaux Arts 1797 Bauakademie Berlin 1799

19. Ecole Teaching Method Exercises-analogies to complex buildings The Esquisse The Charette The Parti The Mosacis and Entourage The Jury Second Class and First Class

20. Architecture England/USA Architectural Association (The AA) 1810 First Private School Established licensure RIBA-Professional Membership USA Courses at Rensselaer & West Point 1820 Univ. of Illinois 1873--MIT 1868 Columbia 1881--Harvard 1895 Today 114 schools—50,000 students

21. The Bauhaus Walter Gropius 1940 Integration of utility and structure The Modern Movement Objective findings Unification of diverse skills Collaboration of muliple disciplines Reunite the creative arts and crafts Direct shop or field experience Materials and industrial techniques

22. Environmental Design 1960 Decision Science Concepts, methods, and values Complex Problems People and the Environment Normalized Direct Participation Ecosystems Design Methods