1. Optimization Based Procurement for Transportation Services (Caplice and Sheffi, 2003)

2.  Steps of transportation procurement  Bid preparation  Bid execution  Bid analysis and assignment  Cost of carriers  Line-haul cost  Connection to follow-on loads (dwell + deadhaul)  Connection cost uncertainty  Carriers should be concerned more with economies of scope than economies of scale

3.  Problems with traditional bidding system  Interdependency of lanes is ignores – cost hedging  Cannot consider other factors; e.g., requirements such as minimum volume for preferred carriers. Implications  Shippers should design the bid such that it enhances carrier efficiencies and lower bid prices. A Solution Let carriers submit conditional bids (package bids) – Lanes can be overlapped  Shippers solve an optimization model to determine the assignments to carriers.

4.  Results  Less uncertainty for carriers  Lower bid prices by carriers  Lower transportation cost for shippers  Both shippers and carriers benefit  SCM cost reduced  Potential Savings  Table 1

5.  The optimization model can also incorporate:  Min/Max carriers  Favoring incumbents  Back up carriers  Threshold volume  Performance factors

6. Discussion Questions  When does it make sense to use optimization?  Who should create package bids?  What performance factors should shippers consider?  Can bidding be used to collaborate across shippers?  Can bidding be used to collaborate across carriers?