1. www.ieem.org Incomplete Pairwise Comparison Matrices in Multi-Attribute Decision Making S. Bozóki*, J. Fülöp*, L. Rónyai** * Research Group of Operations Research and Decision Systems, Laboratory on Engineering and Management Intelligence, Computer and Automation Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ** Informatics Laboratory, Computer and Automation Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ** Institute of Mathematics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Budapest, Hungary

2. www.ieem.org Outline Pairwise comparison matrix Incomplete pairwise comparison matrix Eigenvalue minimization Incomplete Logarithmic Least Squares Algorithms Example

3. www.ieem.org Pairwise comparison matrix It is one of the most often applied technique in Multi-Attribute Decision Making for weighting the criteria and evaluation of the alternatives. Pairwise comparison matrix is a basic concept of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) developed by Thomas Saaty in 1977.

4. www.ieem.org Pairwise comparison matrix A (complete) pairwise comparison matrix A = [a ij ]i,j=1,…,n is a matrix of size n×n with the properties as follows: a ij > 0;a ii = 1;a ij = 1/a ji for i,j=1,…,n, where aij is the numerical answer given by the decision maker for the question “How many times Criterion i is more important than Criterion j?” The weighting problem is to find the n-dimensional positive weight vector w = (w 1,w 2,…,w n ) T such that the appropriate ratios of the components of w reflect, or, at least, approximate all the a ij values (i,j=1,…,n), given by the decision maker.

5. www.ieem.org Incomplete pairwise comparison matrix

6. www.ieem.org Incomplete pairwise comparison matrix Harker (1987) Kwiesielewicz (1996) Shiraishi, Obata, Daigo (1997, 1998, 2002) van Uden (2002)

7. www.ieem.org Undirected graph representation

8. www.ieem.org Directed graph representation

9. www.ieem.org Eigenvalue minimization problem min { λ max (A(x)) | x > 0 }

10. www.ieem.org Theorem 1: The optimal solution of the eigenvalue minimization problem is unique if and only if the graph G orresponding to the incomplete pairwise comparison matrix is connected.

11. www.ieem.org Theorem 2: The function λ max (A(x)) attains its minimum and the optimal solutions constitute an (s–1)-dimensional affine set, where s is the number of the connected components in the graph corresponding to the incomplete pairwise comparison matrix.

12. www.ieem.org Incomplete LLSM

13. www.ieem.org Theorem 3: The optimal solution of the incomplete LLSM problem is unique if and only if graph corresponding to the incomplete pairwise comparison matrix is connected. Moreover, the solution is explicitly written.

14. www.ieem.org An 8x8 incomplete example

15. www.ieem.org An 8x8 incomplete example

16. www.ieem.org An 8x8 incomplete example

17. www.ieem.org Conclusions The connectedness of the graph is necessary and sufficient for a unique solution of both eigenvalue minimization and logarithmic least squares problems for incomplete pairwise comparison matrices. Algorithms are fast and simply implemented. Applicable in practice.

18. www.ieem.org Main references 1 S. Bozóki, J. Fülöp, and L. Rónyai, “On optimal completions of incomplete pairwise comparison matrices,” Working Paper 2009-1, Research Group of Operations Research and Decision Systems,Laboratory on Engineering and Management Intelligence,Computer and Automation Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 30 pages, 2009. B. Aupetit, and C. Genest, “On some useful properties of the Perron eigenvalue of a positive reciprocal matrix in the context of the analytic hierarchy process.,” European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 70; pp. 263–268, 1993. G. Crawford G, and C. Williams, “A note on the analysis of subjective judgment matrices,” Journal of Mathematical Psychology, vol. 29, pp. 387– 405, 1985.

19. www.ieem.org Main references 2 P.T. Harker, “Incomplete pairwise comparisons in the analytic hierarchy process,” Mathematical Modelling, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 837–848, 1987 J.F.C. Kingman, “A convexity property of positive matrices,” The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, vol. 12; pp. 283–284, 1961. M. Kwiesielewicz, “The logarithmic least squares and the generalised pseudoinverse in estimating ratios,” European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 93, pp. 611–619, 1996. T.L. Saaty, The analytic hierarchy process. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980. S. Shiraishi, T. Obata, and M. Daigo, “Properties of a positive reciprocal matrix and their application to AHP,” Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 404–414, 1998.

20. www.ieem.org Thank you for attention. bozoki@sztaki.hu http://www.sztaki.hu/~bozoki