1. Information Society Definitions Questions Daniel Bell Post industrial society (Daniel Bell) Network society (Manuel Castells)

2. Definitions Technological Economic Occupational Spatial Cultural

3. Technological New technologies lead to social change (Toffler, 1980; Negroponte, Gates, De Hond)

4. Questions How much technology Technologically determinist

5. Economic How much is the economic worth of informational activities

6. Question Defining (e.g. R&D)

7. Occupational How many people work in the industry (Bell, Castells)

8. Question Definitions (repair of a copier)

9. Spatial Information networks influencing organisation of time and space

10. Question What is a network Why now (networks have been around)

11. Cultural Information in life

12. General questions Quantity: more information is not information society (e.g. Food)

13. Daniel Bell: The coming of the post-industrial society (1973) Dominant mode of employment (pre- industrial, industrial, post-industrial) Effiency and increases in productivity make it possible (3% of the population taking care of 50% of the food production)

14. Consequences White collar employment Central position for the professional Greater role for the intellectuals More person-to-person employment Less laissez-faire, more planning Game between people (doctor does not see a patient as x amount of income) From economising to sociologising

15. Problems Technological emphasis for social changes Emphasis on rationalisation (Weber) Is there a shift from industry to services (only in UK) Wealth creation in industry -> services Definition of services Services within a sector (intra-sector versus inter-sector) Increasing division of labour, oriented at production

16. Results Decline in industry workers Increase in industrial output Increase of wealth Creation of jobs in services (never ending) Services can not be automated (Internet?)

17. Cf. Levy and Murnane (2004) Expert thinking (designers, doctors) Complex communication (face to face interaction) Routine cognitive tasks (ICT jobs?) Routine manual tasks Nonroutine manual tasks (housecleaning)

18. Manuel Castells: The Information Age Development of networks (ICT enabled) Informational capitalism Not: information or knowledge society, but network society

19. Consequences More transnational companies Hierarchies pulled down, power to “movers and shakers”

20. 2007 © Wolters-Noordhoff Organisation and Management

21. Globalisation Growing interdependence and interpenetration of human relations alongside the increasing integration of the world’s socio- economic life (Webster, 2006; p. 69) -Globalisation of the market -Globalisation of the production -Globalisation of finance -Globalisation of communications

22. From Ford to Cisco “The logic of the network is more powerful than the powers in the network” (ICTs have reduced the effectiveness of global corporations and empowered people and organisations who are entrepeneurial and effective in terms of netwerking; Webster, 2006; p. 105)

23. The decline of the working class Knowledge and information are the essential materials of the new production process 30% participant ratio in higher education

24. The end of Fordism Flexibility of employees Flexibility of production Flexibility of consumption

25. Questions What is a network What is information Is the capitalist class gone

26. Herbert Schiller (1919-2000) IT and enabling technologies make transnational companies possible Information networks link companies

27. IT revolution Companies (e.g. AT&T) Privatisation in Europe Media dominated by US

28. Market criteria: Research & Development Philips Nat Lab KPN Research Centre

29. Market criteria: The consequence Public mask of progress and the private face of conservatism (Sharpe) The Television: (video, cable, computer games); the new box??

30. To summarise: What is called the “Information Society” is, in fact, the production, processing, and transmission of a very large amount of data about all sorts of matters….. Most of the data are produced to meet very specific needs of super-corporations, national goverment bureaucracies, and the military establishment of the advanced industrial state (Schiller, 1981)