3. The Office of Retention, Mentoring, & Support Programs: Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) Workshop entitled Ethical Reasoning October 20, 2005

4. Presented by Virginia A. Brown, Program Coordinator HU, College of Medicine, CH&FP Program in Health Care Ethics

5. Develop a practice- oriented philosophy that links ethical reasoning with ethical action(s) in “real life” situations.

6. The Prime Directive Above all else, do no harm!

7. Terms of Art… Morality vs. Ethics Codes of Ethics Ethical Reasoning

8. Terms of Art… Words and their meaning.

9. online: Oxford English Dictionary http://dictionary.oed.com Morality  I. Simple uses.  1. Ethical wisdom, knowledge of moral science. Obs.

10. online: Oxford English Dictionary http://dictionary.oed.com Ethics  II. pl. ethics.  2. (after Gr.) The science of morals; the department of study concerned with the principles of human duty.

11. Ethics and Morality  Ethics and morality are often used interchangeably.  It is useful to distinguish between them.  Ethics stems from the Greek word ethos, meaning character.  Morality is from the Latin word mores, meaning character, custom, or habit.

12. Ethics  Systematic ethics is the examination of morality, conduct, and social practices. Responds to questions of “Why should I (or we) do X or Y? What reasons would justify such actions and why”. How ought I conduct myself in this life?

13. Morality  We now understand morality to mean customary morality, or widely shared beliefs about the moral life and norms about right and wrong conduct that prevail in a particular culture or subculture.

14. Reich, 1995, p 738-739 Normative Ethics …”[T]hat pole of ethical theory that stood closet to practice.”¹ Thus the idea is that the task of “…normative ethics is to define and to defend an adequate theory for guiding conduct.²

15. Post Modernity  Liberal (great sound bites)  Conservative (as seen on Fox TV)  Consensus (as seen on Oprah and Dr. Laura)  Religious Right (Farwell approved)

16. ????!!!!******

17. Features of Codes  Patient Relationships/Employment Practices  Confidentiality  Public Disclosure  Conflicts of Interest/Relationships/Safety  Management Practices  Employment Practices/Bounds of Authority  Political Involvement  Societal Duty

18. (HU Academic Code of Conduct, p 20) HU Academic Responsibilities  All students share the following responsibilities:  A. To read, become familiar with and adhere to the Code, the University’s Code of Ethics and Conduct, the Academic Code of Conduct, the Student Reference Manual, the H-Book, and the relevant academic Bulletin of the School or College in which the student is enrolled.

19. continued…  B. To respect the personal and property rights of others and to act in a responsible manner at all times.  C. To protect and foster the intellectual, academic, cultural, social and other missions of the University.  D. To observe the laws of local, state and federal governments

20. Academic Code of Conduct, H Book, p 114 ACADEMIC CODE OF STUDENT CONDUCT  Howard University is a community of scholars composed of faculty and students both of whom must hold the pursuit of learning and search for truth in the highest regard.  Such regard requires adherence to the goal of unquestionable integrity and honesty in the discharge of teaching and learning responsibilities.

21. continued…  Such regard allows no place for academic dishonesty regardless of any seeming advantage or gain that might accrue from such dishonesty.  To better assure the realization of this goal, any student enrolled for study at the university may be disciplined for the academic infractions defined below.

22. ACADEMIC POLICIES  ACADEMIC INTEGRITY  As part of Howard’s community of scholars, you are expected to hold the pursuit of learning and the search for truth in the highest regard while displaying unquestionable integrity and honesty.  There is no place for academic dishonesty, regardless of any seeming advantage or gain that may accrue from such dishonesty.  Students will be disciplined for any intentional act(s) of dishonesty in the fulfillment of academic course or program requirements and for intentionally representing as one’s own, any ideas, writings and works of another without acknowledging that author.  (Page 20)

23. Types of Moral Theories  Consequence-based theories  Utilitarianism  Obligation-based theories  Kantianism  Rights-based theories  Liberal Individualism  Community-based theories  Communitarianism  Relationship-based theories  Ethics of care

24. PROBLEM

25. Ethical Reasoning

26. The process……

27. Case Discussion Process

28. Criteria Issues and points of ethical conflict Interested party / parties Consequences Duties or Obligations

29. Applying the criteria

30. Grid Issues or Interested Parties Points of Conflict Consequences Obligations

31. Issues of points of conflict Describe the nature of the moral conflict Note: This is the most difficult part of the analysis. Most people find it easier to begin by considering interested parties, consequences, and obligations.

32. Interested Parties Requires skills in perspective-talking Think progressive ordering of people-form the person facing the ethical problem, to the person (s) immediately affected, to employer, to peer, to society in general. Consider reasonable expectations of the interested part.

33. Consequences Each action considered= several possible outcomes Identify consequences that have a good probability of occurring May be multifaceted

34. Obligations Primary: Obligations of the protagonist toward the various interested parties Refer to the moral justification in terms of values, principles, character, or outcomes

35. Summary Professionals have a particular responsibility to have well developed skills of moral reasoning

36. So just who are you? What is the source of your moral center? What is the source of authority regarding your professional conduct? How do you justify your professional actions? Do they the conflict? When they do, what will you do?

37. Robert Frost The Road Not Taken I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.

38. Thank You.