1. The Early Middle Ages: The Feudal Spirit

2. The Age of Charlemagne Descended from Franks: valued war and destruction Blend of two cultures during reign of Charlemagne Kingdom: Large European kingdom, from the Rhine to Spain Renewed interest in learning and arts

3. The Carolingian Renaissance His interest in culture assembled group of scholars and artists. Favorite book: The City of God Imperial ideal from Rome and Byzantium Monks copied manuscripts and painted, learned chants and interpreted the Bible. Alcuin of York, teacher: revival of learning and literacy. Attempted universal education

4. The Culture of the Book Books were expensive Illustrated manuscripts: Hellenistic and Byzantine style, incorporating Anglo-Saxon art. Utrecht Psalter: collection of Psalms Sculpture disappeared. Reliquaries. The cult of relics

5. Charlemagne’s Court Pilgrimage to Rome in 800. Crowned emperor. First monarch since Roman times Aachen, Aix-la-Chapelle. Modeled after Byzantine churches Charlemagne’s kingdom only lasted one generation after his death New wave of invasions: Muslims, Hungarians, Vikings

6. Feudal Europe France and England brunt of Viking invasions Decentralized system: feudal estates Feudalism: system based on vows of military service and ownership of land. Based on grant of lands by lords to vassals in return for service Castle: residence of lords family

7. Refuge for the feudal estate during war Crusaders came back and improved them Fortresses to defend against siege Decoration of castles simple tapestries to protect from cold Pagan rituals and celebrations: mumming Origin of masquerades and masked dances

8. The Song of Roland Oral literature of military exploits such as epics. Battle from Charlemagne’s campaigns in Spain. Hero: Roland who battles Muslim knights Celebrated knights’ bravery in battle and loyalty to his lord No women

9. Tale of feudal courage, violence and treachery Blows his horn to summon Charlemagne, but dies before king appears Feudal and Christian values are highlighted

10. Chivalry Emerged as a way to enforce loyalty. Loyal to lord, not sleep with his wife, or surrender his castle as well as religious devotion and service to ladies Tournaments: feasting, pageantry and dance Professional warriors emerged

11. The Bayeux Tapestry 1066: Battle of Hastings William the Conqueror’s victory over the English Tapestry: Embroidered wall hanging recounting the chain of events. 231 feet long linen cloth. Probably embroidered by English women. Influenced by Trajan’s column

13. Muslim Spain Cultivated society where Muslims, Jews and Christians coexisted. Influence of architecture, poetry and philosophy 711 Muslims from North Africa conquer Spain. Power declined after 1000 Sephardic Jews had centers of learning Spaniards pushed back Muslims until 1492 they expelled the last from Granada Muslims and Jews forced to convert

14. The Muslims found Spain a jungle and turned it into a "Garden of Roses." Victor Robinson (The Story of Medicine, p. 104) remarks: "Europe was darken at sunset, Cordoba shone with public lamps;

15. Europe was dirty, Cordoba built a thousand baths; Europe was covered with vermin, Cordoba changed its undergarments daily; Europe lay in mud, Cordoba streets were paved; Europe's palaces had smoke- holes in the ceiling, Cordoba's arabesques were exquisite;

16. Europe's nobility could not sign its name, Cordoba's children went to school; Europe's monks could not read the baptismal service, Cordoba's teachers created a library of Alexandrian dimensions."

20. Monasticism Rules of chastity, poverty and obedience Refuge from the barbarians Centers of learning and Evangelizing monks and cloistered monks Guardians of arts and artifacts of Western civilization Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland (c. 820)

21. The Romanesque Style Descendants of Otto the Great created Romanesque style of architecture Rounded Roman arches and barrel vaults Massive vaults and piers and decoration Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy, France Some elements of the Gothic church

25. The Pilgrimage Churches Medieval tourist centers; stopping points during pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela St. Sernin Latin Cross floorplan) chapels off the apse transept( housed the relics) portals ambulatories

29. Romanesque Sculpture Relief sculpture: Bibles in stone Portal sculpture on the tympanum Autun: Gislibertus’ lintel sculpture warning of wages of sin Vezelay: relics of Mary Magdalene

34. Early Medieval Music and Drama Musical Notation. Initially, chants were taught by oral tradition Guido d’Arezzo: six note scale and solmization: ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti Guidonian Hand Staff: tone; Clef set the tone F or C Invited to Vatican to teach Sacred music passed down

36. Hildegard of Bingen German abbess (1098-1179) Composed mystical poetry and music Morality play set to music Women should use Mary as role model and reject Eve the sinner

37. Drama in the Medieval Church Medieval theater: representations of Christ’s birth death and resurrection The Three Wise Men, Herod’s Slaughter of the Innocents, and the Raising of Lazarus. Written in Latin; brief Churchgoers followed the scenes throughout the church Moved outside the church in the 13th cent.

38. Medieval Philosophy Christian problems: existence of God, relationship between faith and reason Cathedral schools fostered learning; translation of Aristotle’s works Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Tragic love of Heloise. Sic et Non: exposed inconsistencies in Church teachings