1. 12.2 OBJECTIVES: Summarize economic problems in the South.
Identify the differences among members of the Republican party in the South.
List efforts of former slaves to improve their lives
Describe changes in the Southern economy

2. REPUBLICANS IN THE SOUTH
Made up of:
Scalawags:
Carpetbaggers:
Freedmen:
What were the differences?
Were these positive or negative names?

3. Southern conditions Land and homes were destroyed
20% of white males were killed in war
Many more were maimed
In one county of Alabama, wealth per capita among whites dropped from $18,000 in 1860 to about $3,000 in 1870

4. Southern Counter-Reaction
New Southern govts pass Black Codes
Racial politics enforced (segregation)
Race riots & lynchings
KKK, vigilante “justice”
Sharecropping instituted
Jim Crow laws, disenfranchisement of Freedmen

5. NEW FREEDOMS BLACK CODES
Curfews = Generally, black people could not gather after sunset
Vagrancy Laws = Freedmen convicted of vagrancy – that is, not working – could be fined, whipped, and sold for a year’s labor
Labor contracts = Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned
Land restrictions = freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.
FREEDOM TO OWN LAND
FREEDOM TO LEARN
FREEDOM TO WORSHIP
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT

6. Ku Klux Klan meeting
Ku Klux Klan meeting
In this picture, the artist has portrayed a group of bizarrely dressed Klansmen contemplating the murder of a white Republican. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

7. Black sharecropping family in front of their cabin
SHARECROPPING = system of farming in which a farmer tends some portion of a planter’s land and receives a share of the crop at harvest time as payment.
Black sharecropping family in front of their cabin
Sharecropping gave African Americans more control over their labor than did labor contracts. But sharecropping also contributed to the south's dependence on one-crop agriculture and helped to perpetuate widespread rural poverty. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

8. SHARECROPPING AND THE CYCLE OF DEBT
Poor whites &
Freedmen have
no jobs, no homes,
and no money
to buy food.
Poor whites & freedmen
sign contracts
to work a landlord’s
acreage in exchange
for part of the crop.
Landlord keeps
track of the money
that sharecroppers
owe him for housing and food.
At harvest time,
the sharecropper
owes more to the
landlord than his
share of the crop is worth.
Share cropper cannot
leave the farm
as long as
he is in debt
to the landlord.

9. Map: The Barrow Plantation, 1860 and 1881
The transformation of the Barrow plantation in Oglethorpe County, Georgia, illustrates the striking changes in southern agriculture during Reconstruction. Before the Civil War, about 135 slaves worked on the plantation, supervised by an overseer and a slave foreman. After the war, the former slaves who remained on the plantation signed labor contracts with owner David Crenshaw Barrow. Supervised by a hired foreman, the freedmen grew cotton for wages in competing squads, but they disliked the new arrangement. In the late 1860s, Barrow subdivided his land into tenant farms of twenty-five to thirty acres, and freedmen moved their households from the old slave quarters to their own farms. By 1881, 161 tenants lived on the Barrow plantation, at least half of them children. One out of four families was named Barrow.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

10. TERMS Scalawag Carpetbagger Hiram Revels Sharecropping Tenant farming
Summarize economic problems in the South.
Identify the differences among members of the Republican party in the South.
List efforts of former slaves to improve their lives
Describe changes in the Southern economy