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Components of Language Review DES 320
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Components of Language Form Content Use Comprehension and Production Auditory-Oral System Visual-Graphic System Visual-Gestural System
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Inter-relationship between language areas Bloom and Lahey (1978)
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COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE
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COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: FORM Phonology Study of the sound system of a language Phoneme: a speech sound Phonological rules: rules that govern which sounds may appear together and where Variations between languages English- gnat, Examples from other languages? Nouveau (Fr), Knockwurst (Ger)
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COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: FORM How we say things How sounds are arranged How words are arranged N+V+O Structure!!!!
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COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: FORM Morphology= branch of grammar devoted to the structure or forms of words Morpheme = the smallest grammatical unit in language Not necessarily equivalent to syllables
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COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: FORM Free morpheme Can stand alone as a word Cannot be broken apart Bound morpheme Cannot stand alone as a word Changes the original meaning
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MORPHOLOGY Example: Dog = free morpheme Dogs= 2 morphemes Dog= free morpheme s= bound morpheme
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MORPHOLOGY happy- 1 free morpheme unhappy - 1 bound and 1 free morpheme unhappily- 2 bound and 1 free morpheme unhappiest- 2 bound and 1 free morpheme
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HOW MANY MORPHEMES? Monkeys Monkeys eating The monkeys are eating The monkeys are eating quickly The unhappy monkeys are eating in the forest The unhappy monkeys are eating in the deepest forest
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SYNTAX How words are arranged to form meaningful sentences Follows a collection of rules for combining words into phrases and sentences Keeping the same words but changing the order can change the meaning Examples: The students are sitting in class. Are the students sitting in class?
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COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: CONTENT
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CONTENT Many words have multiple meanings so the meaning is influenced by the use and the form. Semantics- the study of meaning in language Ex- The Steelers beat the Cardinals. The criminal beat the dog. The music had a fast beat.
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COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: USE
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USE Pragmatics The use, function or purpose of the language Examples: how to… Enter a conversation Exit a conversation Take turns Answer a question Change topics Sharing an opinion Highly influenced by the situational context and the communication partners Friends vs. teachers vs. parents, etc
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Comprehension and Production Encoding, expression, production Decoding, understanding, interpreting, comprehending, reception In clinical work, comprehension and production are often addressed separately Debate on how independent language comprehension and production are in the human language processing architecture
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Models of Language Auditory-Oral System Evolutionally old Universal Flexible Multidimensional Visual-Graphic System New Needs to be taught Need paper, pencil…. One-dimensional
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Models of Language (cont’d) *Visual-Gestural System Gesturing *Nonverbal communication through gestures, body postures and facial expressions *Thinking for speaking Sign Languages * ASL AAC
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Models and definitions of language disorders DES 320
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ASHA definition of language disorder A language disorder is an impairment in: -comprehension/production -spoken, written, other symbol system -form -phonology, morphology, syntax -content - semantics -function - pragmatics
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Normative/Neutralist A language disorder exists when…. Normative position When it affects the child’s social and academic functioning Neutralist position The child scores significantly below expectations in a normative test Problems with assessment instruments What is “significantly below”? Varies by institution Research supports 10 th percentile/ 1.25 SD below mean/ SS of 81
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Case You are an SLP in a school district that implements a kindergarten language screening. In your screening, you discover that Jim scored below your cut- off for language impairment. Additional testing reveals similar results. Jim’s teacher and parents feel like Jim is doing just fine. According to the normative position, does Jim have a language impairment?
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Discrepancy criteria Chronological Age Discrepancy between chronological age and language testing Mental Age Discrepancy between cognitive level (determined by IQ testing) and language testing
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Terminology Childhood aphasia/ dysphasia Language delay / language deviance Impairment/ disorder Disability Specific Language Impairment (SLI) Developmental Language Disorder Person first: children with SLI
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Thought Questions What are the connotations associated with the terms, “dysphasia”, “delay”, “deviance”, impairment”, “disorder” and “disability”? Does the term imply something more than “not functioning typically”? Does the term have a negative tone? If you or your child had a language XXX, which term would you like to use to talk about it?
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Models of language disorders Systems Model Categorical Model Descriptive-developmental model Specific disabilities model
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Systems Model Language disorder exists in the relationship between the speakers A useful concept in the context of Language differences (dialect, ESL) Severe language disorders
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Categorical Model Classifications of language disorders based on syndromes Identification of similarities among children with the same diagnosis Motor disorders, cush as Cerebral Palsy Sensory deficits Central nervous system damage Social emotional disorders, such as Autism Cognitive disorders Specific language impairment (SLI) Shared etiology Caution Not all children within a diagnostic category have the same abilities You cannot pick intervention goals solely based on the diagnosis
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Descriptive Developmental Model Description of the child’s current level of language functions Vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology and pragmatics Determining where the child is in the sequence of normal development Subtyping based on components of language Expressive and expressive/receptive New directions: Vocabulary and grammar (Tomblin & Zhang, 2006; Toblin, Maniela-Arnold, Zhang, 2007)
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Specific Disabilities Model Profile strengths and weaknesses in cognitive processes Cognitive mechanisms associated with language development For example… Auditory perceptual deficit Working memory deficit
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