1. Source A Advance to next slide Advance to source material Click for help EndPPT

2. Write descriptions of differing interpretations of the causes of the Penrhyn Strike. What I’m Looking For What I’m Looking For Give an explanation of why different historical interpretations might be produced. Use appropriate dates and historical terms. Click to reveal Suitably structure your work.

3. Click to reveal Source B Source B Source B Source B Source A Source A Source A Source A

4. [Professor Geraint H. Jenkins, a Welsh historian, writing in a general history of Wales, Wales: Yesterday and Today (1990)] Source B Source B Source B Source B Source A Source A Source A Source A Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penryhn Strike? Who is the author? What do they do? When was the source written? What might have influenced the author? What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced? Lord Penrhyn was as stubborn as a mule. He said that he expected all his workers to be loyal and obedient to him. He refused to budge an inch... On 11th June 1901, Lord Penrhyn rode on horseback to the quarry and gave each worker a gold sovereign. Those who were still on strike called it Punt y Gynffon ('The Traitor's Pound').

5. D.R. Daniel (the union organiser) urged the men not to talk to the blacklegs... To be sure of identification and so that maximum pressure could be brought to bear, cards were issued to all strikers' homes bearing the slogan Nid oes bradwr yn y ty hwn ('There is no traitor in this house'). Most of the cards were to hang in Bethesda windows for over two years. [From a book by academic historian, R. Merfyn Jones, The North Wales Quarrymen 1874-1922 (1982). Jones was a specialist in Welsh history.] Source B Source B Source B Source B Source A Source A Source A Source A Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike? Who is the author? What do they do? When was the source written? What might have influenced the author? What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?

6. Lord Penrhyn was as stubborn as a mule. He said that he expected all his workers to be loyal and obedient to him. He refused to budge an inch... On 11th June 1901, Lord Penrhyn rode on horseback to the quarry and gave each worker a gold sovereign. Those who were still on strike called it Punt y Gynffon ('The Traitor's Pound'). Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike? Source A Source A Source A Source AHELP

7. Read the information below to help you understand more about Lord Penrhyn. Caricature of Lord Penrhyn. Caption reads “Slate.” Source: Wikimedia Commons George was son of colonel Edward Douglas Pennant. The Pennant family owned the Penrhyn estate and controlled the Penrhyn Quarry. George was Conservative MP for Caernarvonshire between 1866 and 1868 and 1874 and 1880, and succeeded his father in the title of Lord Penrhyn in 1886. As Lord Penrhyn he ended the minimum wage agreement and did much to reduce the power of the Quarrymen’s Union at the Penrhyn Quarry. He believed that unions were a threat to profits. Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike?

8. A Gold Sovereign from 1910 Source: Wikimedia Commons Lord Penrhyn gave those who returned to work a gold sovereign. A sovereign was worth the equivalent of a pound. In 1902 workers earned on average £1.40 a week. ii

9. Means he studies and teaches history as he is employed by a university to do so. A book of Welsh history that only touches upon events and does not go in to great detail. Means he was an expert in the history of Wales and would have studied the events. [Professor Geraint H. Jenkins, a Welsh historian, writing in a general history of Wales, Wales: Yesterday and Today (1990)] Who is the author? What do they do? Source A Source A Source A Source AProfessor Welsh historian General history of Wales Answers Click the tabs to match the terms on the left with an explanation on the right. Means he studies and teaches history as he is employed by a university to do so. Means he was an expert in the history of Wales and would have studied the events. A book of Welsh history that only touches upon events and does not go in to great detail. HELP

10. [Professor Geraint H. Jenkins, a Welsh historian, writing in a general history of Wales, Wales: Yesterday and Today (1990)] When was the source written? What might have influenced the author? Source A Source A Source A Source AAnswers Written after many strikes in Wales when many blamed the Government and wealthy for causing them. Jenkins was a lecturer at the University of Aberystwyth and was from the town. Jenkins had not lived through the strike so knew little of the events. The author may have been influenced by those in Bethesda who still blamed Penrhyn for the strike. By this time Jenkins was a well established historian who had a major interest in Welsh history. Written long after the events so is less reliable. Click on the tabs to change to the correct colour. HELP

11. [Professor Geraint H. Jenkins, a Welsh historian, writing in a general history of Wales, Wales: Yesterday and Today (1990)] What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced? Source A Source A Source A Source A Materials produced by the strikers to prolong the strike. Interviews with Lord Penrhyn. Accounts given by the strikers. Letters of Lord Penrhyn. Lord Penrhyn wrote to other employers telling of his intentions to destroy the union and how he would not give up. There song sheets and concert programmes to raise money for the strikers. Many of them were bitter and blamed Penrhyn for causing the strike. Click on the statements that you believe to be true. The 2 nd Lord Penrhyn died in 1907 so Jenkins would not have been able to talk to him.

12. D.R. Daniel (the union organiser) urged the men not to talk to the blacklegs... To be sure of identification and so that maximum pressure could be brought to bear, cards were issued to all strikers' homes bearing the slogan Nid oes bradwr yn y ty hwn ('There is no traitor in this house'). Most of the cards were to hang in Bethesda windows for over two years. Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike? Source B Source B Source B Source BHELP

13. Read the information below to find out more information about the union leader D. R. Daniels. Lord Penrhyn standing behind a soldier, facing a worker carrying a stick whilst D.R. Daniel the Union Organiser stands behind him. Source: Gwynedd Archives Daniel was born at Llandderfel and had no quarrying links. He was educated at the Grammar School, in Bala and the Independent College. He was appointed assistant organiser for the United Kingdom Temperance Movement in North Wales. He was heavily involved in T.E. Ellis's election as Liberal M.P for Meirionydd in 1886. The following year he moved to Y Ffor, near Pwllheli, entering local politics in 1895. He was appointed Organiser to the N.W.Q.U. soon the following year. After serving on Caernarfonshire County Council he joined the civil service. Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike?

14. Read the information below and to try and help you understand the views of the soldiers after the Battle of the Somme in 1916. Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike? A sign in the window of No 2 Fron Haul, Bethesda Source: Wikimedia Commons Those who stayed on strike put a sign in the window making it known that 'Nid oes BRADWR yn y ty hwn'. 'There is no TRAITOR in this house.’ This was to show they were still for the strike and unwilling to take Lord Penrhyn’s gold sovereign. ii

15. Means he was an expert in the history of Wales and would have studied the events. This is a specialist book that deals solely with the strike. It will be an in-depth study. Means he studies and teaches history as he is employed by a university to do so. [From a book by academic historian, R. Merfyn Jones, The North Wales Quarrymen 1874-1922 (1982). Jones was a specialist in Welsh history.] Who is the author? What do they do? Academic historian Specialist in Welsh history Book Answers Means he studies and teaches history as he is employed by a university to do so. This is a specialist book that deals solely with the strike. It will be an in-depth study. Source B Source B Source B Source B Click the tabs to match the terms on the left with an explanation on the right. Means he was an expert in the history of Wales and would have studied the events. HELP

16. [From a book by academic historian, R. Merfyn Jones, The North Wales Quarrymen 1874-1922 (1982). Jones was a specialist in Welsh history.] When was the source written? What might have influenced the author? Answers Appeared at time of industrial strife in Britain. Many workers were on strike. Written a long time after the events so was less emotive. Jones had not been alive during the strike so knew little of the events. The author was able to study a huge variety of source material. Written when historians looked to consider the roles of all those involved in events. Written over eighty years after the events so is less reliable. Click on the tabs to change to the correct colour. Source B Source B Source B Source BHELP

17. What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced? Descendents of those involved in the strike. Sources produced by union leaders. Welsh newspapers. Y Werin and Y Eco published d lists of men who returned to work. These were produced by the union. Some families do not speak to one another as some chose to return to work. Union leader D.R.Daniels corresponded with the Welsh newspapers in his efforts to keep the strike going. Click on the statements that you believe to be true. [From a book by academic historian, R. Merfyn Jones, The North Wales Quarrymen 1874-1922 (1982). Jones was a specialist in Welsh history.] Source B Source B Source B Source B Interviews with D.R.Daniel. D.R.Daniel died in 1931.