1. CHAPTER 13 SECTION 4

2.  LOWERED PRICES OF CONSUMER GOODS 1800S MOST FACTORY WORKERS DID NOT EARN ENOUGH TO BUY THEM.  WORKERS TOOK COMPLAINTS DIRECTLY TO EMPLOYERS.

3.  BEST OF TIMES THE AVERAGE WORKER EARNED A FEW $100 PER YEAR.  RESENTED OWNERS LIFESTYLE

4.  DEFINED- ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY THAT FAVORS PUBLIC INSTEAD OF PRIVATE CONTROL OR THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION  NOT INDIVIDUAL CONTORL OF NATIONS WEALTH  EVEN DISTRIBUTION.

5.  GERMAN PHILOSOPHER  WROTE PAMPHLET – COMMUNIST MANIFESTO DENOUNCED THE CAPITALIST ECONOMIC SYSTEM AND PREDICTED THAT WORKERS WOULD ONE DAY OVERTURN IT.

6.  WEALTHY SAW IT AS A THREAT  POLITICIANS SAW IT AS A THREAT TO PUBLIC ORDER.  AMERICANS/MOST WORKERS THREAT TO AMERICAN IDEALS SUCH AS PRIVATE PROPERTY AND INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY.

7.  ORGANIZED WORKERS IN CERTAIN TRADES.  NATIONAL TRADES UNION- FIRST LABOR ORGANIZATION, OPEN TO ALL TRADES.  AFTER CIVIL WAR STRONG LOCAL UNIONS  LOOKED FOR SHORTER WORKDAYS, HIGH WAGES, BETTER CONDITIONS.

8.  NATIONAL UNION  ORGANIZE ALL WORKING MEN AND WOMEN, SKILLED AND UNSKILLED INTO ONE UNION.  LEADER- TERENCE POWEDERLY EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK 8 HOUR WORKDAY END CHILD LABOR

9.  SAMUEL GOMPERS  CRAFT UNION (ONLY SKILLED WORKERS IN SMALL UNIONS DEVOTED TO A CRAFT).  RELIED ON STRIKES AND BOYCOTTS  COLLECTIVE BARGAINING- WORKERS NEGOTIATE AS A GROUP WITH EMPLOYERS.

10.  DISLIKED AND FEARED UNIONS  STEPS TO STOP UNIONS FORBID UNION MEETINGS FIRING UNION ORGANIZERS FORCING EMPLOYEES TO SIGN “YELLOW DOG” CONTRACTS (PROMISE TO NOT JOIN OR PARTICIPATE IN STRIKE) REFUSE TO BARGAIN COLLECTIVELY WHEN STRIKES OCCURRED REDUSE TO RECOGNIZE UNIONS AS THEIR WORKERS’ LEGITIMATE REPRESENTATIVES.

11.  BEGAN WHEN BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD ANNOUNCED A WAGE CUT OF 10 PERCENT IN THE MIDDLE OF A DEPRESSION.  WORKERS IN MARTINSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA DECLARED FIRST STRIKE.  VIOLENCE SPREAD TO PITTSBURGH, SOLDIERS FIRED ON RIOTERS.

12.  ORGANIZED WORKERS FROM ALL CRAFTS IN A GIVEN INDUSTRY.  PROPOSED BY EUGENE V. DEBBS LEADERSHIP ROLE IN THE BROTHERHOOD OF LOCOMOTIVE FIREMEN. TRYING TO STOP THE VIOLENCE OF STRIKES.

13.  1881-1900  ABOUT 24,000 STRIKES TOOK PLACE  THREE VIOLENT EVENTS

14.  GROUPS OF WORKERS WANTED 8 HOUR WORKDAYS  FIGHT BETWEEN WORKERS AND SCABS (NEGATIVE TERM FOR A WORKER WHO REPLACES A STRIKING WORKER)  PROTEST RALLY IN CHICAGOS HAYMARKET SQUARE. ANARCHISTS JOINED (RADICALS WHO OPPOSED ALL GOVERNMENT) BOMB WAS THROWN

15.  HENRY FRICK TRIED TO CUT WORKERS’ WAGES AT CARNEGIE STEEL.  UNION CALLED STRIKE  SHOOTOUT BETWEEN STRIKERS AND POLICE  ALEXANDER BERKMAN TRIED TO ASSASSINATE FRICK  NOVEMBER 20 TH UNION CALLED OFF STRIKE.

16.  RAILWAY INDUSTRY  GEORGE PULLMAN-INVENTED LUXERY SLEEPING CAR AND NEEDED LABORERS.  TOWN OF PULLMAN  TOO MUCH CONTROL  WORKERS WENT ON STRIKE AND HE SHUT DOWN THE PLANT.  260,000 RAILWAY WORKERS HAD JOINED IN THE PULLMAN STRIKE.  DISRUPTED RAILROAD TRAFFIC AND MAIL DELIVERY.  FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GOT INVOLVED LEADING TO THE END OF THE STRIKE.