1. EPA’s Related Programs and Coordination with NASA Presentation to the NASA Environmental Compatibility IV Workshop, August 12-13, Colorado Springs, CO Lisa Chang and Bryan Manning Office of Air and Radiation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

2. EPA’s mission and strategic goals encompass areas of aviation’s environmental impact  EPA’s mission: protect human health and safeguard the natural environment - air, water, and land  Aviation affects air and water quality at and near airports, global warming, and other environmental concerns.  EPA’s clean air goal: the air in every American community will be safe and healthy to breathe –children, elderly, and people with respiratory ailments will be protected from health risks of breathing polluted air

3. The Clean Air Act (CAA) directs EPA to set and enforce national standards for “criteria pollutants”  EPA sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment (“criteria pollutants”: CO, NO 2, PM, Pb, SO 2, O 3 )  Aircraft activity at airports in some NAAQS “non-attainment” areas are projected to be a growing contributor to regional emissions of criteria pollutants and their precursors (EPA, 1999) –e.g., NO x and volatile organic compounds are precursors to ground-level O 3

4. Location of “non-attainment” areas for criteria pollutants as of September, 1998

5. EPA establishes emission standards for aircraft engines and FAA enforces these standards  States cannot establish such standards for aircraft  EPA has regulated NOx, hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke emissions from aircraft  A recent EPA study confirmed that cost-effective control options - beyond what is achieved by current regulations - on ground-level aircraft emissions may be warranted –study focused on 10 selected US cities

6. Aircraft contribution to regional mobile source NOx emissions at selected US cities is estimated to increase

7. Aviation CO 2 emissions are a significant source of GHGs Sources: USEPA 1990-1996 Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. Table ES-2 (for cars and utilities); White House Climate Change Task Force Industry Background Papers (for all other sectors). 1996 CO 2 emissions, by sector (MMTCE) * Utilities emit approximately 500 MMTCE CO 2

8. Worldwide aviation emissions are expected to grow, despite emission reduction technologies

9. The global climate impact from subsonic aircraft extends beyond that from CO 2 alone Source: Figure 2, IPCC Special Report on Aviation, Summary for Policymakers. Bars indicate best estimate of forcing; whisker is 2/3 uncertainty range based on best available information. “Total” uncertainty calculated as square root of sums of squares of upper and lower ranges for individual components. Current information on cirrus allows only range of best estimates. Level of scientific understanding for each individual component in above figure is judged to be good (CO2), fair (O3, contrails, direct sulfate, direct soot), poor (CH4, H2O), very poor (cirrus). See IPCC 1999 report for further explanation. Radiative forcing (W/m2) Estimated globally and annually averaged radiative forcing from aircraft in 1992.

10. EPA actively participates, with FAA and NASA, in ICAO/CAEP’s technical working groups (WGs)  WG3 - Emissions - technical –evaluates environmental need –evaluates technological options, goals and frameworks  WG4 - Operational measures and best practices  WG5 - Market-based options –focuses on market-based approaches to reducing CO 2 emissions from aviation, such as emissions trading, levies, and voluntary programs

11. EPA and NASA exchange and coordinate on science, technology, and policy developments affecting aviation  Cooperative activities under 1998 EPA-NASA Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) –Engine NOx and CO 2 emissions analyses –Aviation health and environmental risk assessments  Steering group, NASA Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP) –NASA Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft (AESA) assessment review participant –AEAP conferences

12. NASA’s activities are critical to the environmental sustainability of aviation  Atmospheric sciences: investigating, assessing, and reporting key aspects of and uncertainties related to aviation’s atmospheric impacts  Technological innovation: providing pre-competitive research on technologies aimed at reducing air emissions