1. Ethnicity and the Politics Of Sub-Nationalism
African Development
Ethnicity and the Politics
Of Sub-Nationalism

2. Questions and Clarification
Reading
Questions and Clarification

3. Examples of Ethnic Conflict
Cambodia?
Bosnia/Kosovo
Somalia
Central Africa: Rwanda/Zaire
East Timor and Indonesia

4. Nationalism and Ethnicity
DISCUSSION POINT: IS AFRICAN ETHNICITY DIFFERENT?

5. Ethnicity The Story of Lingala:
Language spoken along Congo River by many groups
No real Ngala Group
Missionaries and Colonial officers “heard the language”
By 1960, a group definition

6. Defining Ethnicity Core Separatism based on Language
Language Group Identity
Impaced by Colonialism-Divide and ally
Geographic Ethnic Separation
Multi-Ethnic Groups live together
Sub-Nationalism- Perception of Group as nation
Africa- Ethnic Mosaic

7. Nigeria 100, 000 people 10 Major languages (350,000 people +)

8. Nigeria: Three Places in One
Northern Nigeria: Dry, Grazing County Moslem, Hausa and Fulani
Middle Belt: Temperate, Hilly, Underutilized potential for Grain Crops- small heterogenous groups, Tiv and Nupe
South: Tropical forest, humid, palm oil, cocoa, oil. Yoruba, Wes, Ibo East

9. The Norway Problem Norway- A Nation State of 3.9 million people
“Ibo”- a “tribe” of 17 million people
Theme: a State without a Nation

10. Defining Nationalism without states: The Norway Problem
Defined as parochialism- Identification and value system set within Autonomous Local Communities
Problems with "tribalism“
European Term, Conventional Use
Tribes vs. “Detribalization”- What does it mean?

11. Ethnic Consciousness Sometimes New Often accidental External in origin
Formed by urban contact
Changing
Related to Differences in Economic Advantages

12. Definitions of Sovereign Authority
State
Nation
Government
State-Centric Nationalism

13. Asian Ethnicity A Core Nationality and Outlying “tribes”
Indonesia and Java
India and Hindi (Crosscutting caste, religion and language)
Kurds: Minorities in Four Countries- Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran
Iran: Persia

14. Patrimonial Leadership and ethnic identity
Is there an African “traditional” model?
The authoritarian President as paramount chief?
Is there a uniquely African State?

15. Defining Nationalism North Africa: "Arab majorities" and "minorities"-
Sudan, Chad, Mauritania and Morocco
The Horn- Clans, religion and colonial borders

16. Defining Nationalism Uganda and sub-nationalism
Nigeria and "federalism" – Biafra
Guinea Conakry and "ethnic arithmetic”
South Africa and "Zulu Nationalism"

17. Ethnicity, Race and Culture
Focus of Explanations for Failure in Africa
The nature of conflict
The legitimacy of colonial borders

18. Ethnicity Issues Biology vs. Attitudes (Race) Ethnicity as a concept
Colonial vs. Indigenous Languages
The role of lingua francas: English, French, Portuguese and Trade Languages: Hausa, Swahili

19. Ethicity Clifford Geetrz and his Critics
Clifford Geertz, “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States”
In Clifford Geertz, ed. OLD SOCIETIES AND NEW STATES (New York: Free Press, 1968).

20. Theories of Ethnicity: Primordial Sentiments
Primordialism- Allegiance based on givens, culture, language and religion
Contrasts Primorial vs. civil sentiments (Civil Society)
Primordial- Permanent and unchanging

21. Primoridalism Corporate sentiments of oneness
Personality flaw that must be corrected
Undermines the Nation
Ethnicity is destrictive
Embedded in ancient myths and history

22. Civil Society Interests are rationally defined
Broaden to form nation state
Civic sense: separates public interest from group interests
Government: superior to other collective or private interests
Nationalism within Nation-State- Rational

23. Cleavages Cumulative (overlapping) vs. Crosscutting NORTHERN IRELAND:
Catholic
Poor
Urban
Working Class

24. Ethnic Conflict Conflict in Africa is Civil War
Colonial Boundaries Artificial
Anti-colonial agitation often ethnic based
Result: Geographic sessession
Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Somalia, Eritrea/Ethiopia, Angola and Mozambique

25. Related Terms Finding a meaning for Social divisions
Cultural Pluralism
Cultural Sub-nationalism
Religious Fundamentalism and Nationalism

26. Ethnicity as a Process Contextual and Changing
Towns: urban contact and the “other”
“retribalization”
European origins of ethnic identity
Tradition actually changes

27. Explanations of Ethnicity
Ethnicity as class
cultural sub-nationalism
Contextual- intensification of ethnic identity- and the reverse
Ethnicity as Nationalism

28. Ethnicity and Class Class is Traditional
Class was reinforced by Colonial Rule
New Organizational and Economic Elites have ties to Pre-colonial elites
Strikes and Spoils- Ethnic in Nature

29. Discussion: The Novels
Ousemane
Achebe
Gordimer
Vassanji
Ngugi

30. NEXT Week
The Francophone Group